Motor controllerA motor controller is a device or group of devices that can coordinate in a predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and electrical faults. Motor controllers may use electromechanical switching, or may use power electronics devices to regulate the speed and direction of a motor.
Degrees of freedom problemIn neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor problem (or task) and a motor solution to the problem.
Sleep diaryA sleep diary is a record of an individual's sleeping and waking times with related information, usually over a period of several weeks. It is self-reported or can be recorded by a caregiver. The sleep diary, or sleep log, is a tool used by doctors and patients. It is a useful resource in the diagnosis and treatment of especially circadian rhythm sleep disorders, and in monitoring whether treatment of those and other sleep disorders is successful. Sleep diaries may be used in conjunction with actigraphy.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorderCircadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD), also known as circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWD), are a family of sleep disorders which affect the timing of sleep. CRSDs arise from a persistent pattern of sleep/wake disturbances that can be caused either by dysfunction in one's biological clock system, or by misalignment between one's endogenous oscillator and externally imposed cues. As a result of this mismatch, those affected by circadian rhythm sleep disorders have a tendency to fall asleep at unconventional time points in the day.
Sleep cycleThe sleep cycle is an oscillation between the slow-wave and REM (paradoxical) phases of sleep. It is sometimes called the ultradian sleep cycle, sleep–dream cycle, or REM-NREM cycle, to distinguish it from the circadian alternation between sleep and wakefulness. In humans, this cycle takes 70 to 110 minutes (90 ± 20 minutes). Electroencephalography shows the timing of sleep cycles by virtue of the marked distinction in brainwaves manifested during REM and non-REM sleep.
InsomnieL'insomnie définit le plus souvent des problèmes de sommeil chez un individu. Ce terme est créé au sur la base du latin insomnia (du latin somniculus, « état de celui qui dort ») et signifie stricto sensu la privation de sommeil. Dans l'acception commune et courante, l'insomnie est la diminution de la durée habituelle du sommeil et/ou l'atteinte de la qualité du sommeil avec répercussion sur la qualité de la veille du lendemain.
Syndrome hypernycthéméralLe syndrome hypernycthéméral, également appelé syndrome libre-cours ou "rythme différent de 24 heures" est un trouble du sommeil faisant partie des troubles du rythme circadien. Il est lié à une absence de synchronisation du rythme circadien endogène normal (qui est environ de 25h) avec les donneurs de temps, appelés synchroniseurs (lumière, activité physique, sociale). Chez les sujets normaux, le rythme physiologique de 25 heures est resynchronisé en permanence sur 24 heures grâce à ces donneurs de temps.
Electric motorAn electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Experiential learningExperiential learning (ExL) is the process of learning through experience, and is more narrowly defined as "learning through reflection on doing". Hands-on learning can be a form of experiential learning, but does not necessarily involve students reflecting on their product. Experiential learning is distinct from rote or didactic learning, in which the learner plays a comparatively passive role. It is related to, but not synonymous with, other forms of active learning such as action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning, cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
Induction motorAn induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type. Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-starting, reliable, and economical.
Mémoire procéduraleLa mémoire procédurale est une forme de mémoire non déclarative. La mémoire procédurale est une mémoire à long terme implicite qui permet la motricité automatique. Elle fonctionne grâce à différentes zones du cerveau, comme le cervelet ou le striatum. Ces zones sont toutes reliées entre elles par des synapses fonctionnant avec des neurotransmetteurs. Cette association permet l’apprentissage progressif de procédures. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées par la mémoire déclarative et de travail puis sont intégrées dans la mémoire procédurale grâce à la répétition.
Moteur pas à pasUn moteur pas à pas permet de transformer une impulsion électrique en un mouvement angulaire. On trouve trois types de moteurs pas à pas : le moteur à réluctance variable ; le moteur à aimants permanents ; le moteur hybride, qui est une combinaison des deux technologies précédentes. Le moteur pas à pas fut inventé en 1936 par Marius Lavet, un ingénieur français des Arts et Métiers, pour l'industrie horlogère.
