Whale fecesWhale feces, the excrement of whales, has a significant role in the ecology of the oceans, and whales have been referred to as "marine ecosystem engineers". Nitrogen released by cetacean species and iron chelate is a significant benefit to the marine food chain in addition to sequestering carbon for long periods. Whale feces can give information on a number of aspects of the health, natural history and ecology of an animal or group as it contains DNA, hormones, toxins, and other chemicals.
Zone de minimum d'oxygèneLa zone de minimum d'oxygène (ZMO ou OMZ, de l'anglais Oxygen minimum zone), parfois appelée zone d'ombre (shadow zone), est la zone sous-marine où la saturation en oxygène de l'eau de mer dans l'océan est à son plus bas. Cette zone est habituellement atteinte à des profondeurs de 200 à , selon les contextes locaux. thumb|upright=1.5|Moyenne annuelle de l'oxygène dissous (graphique du haut) et la consommation apparente d'oxygène (graphique du bas) à partir du World Ocean Atlas.
Particulate organic matterParticulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter.
Crustacean larvaCrustaceans may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form. Each of the stages is separated by a moult, in which the hard exoskeleton is shed to allow the animal to grow. The larvae of crustaceans often bear little resemblance to the adult, and there are still cases where it is not known what larvae will grow into what adults. This is especially true of crustaceans which live as benthic adults (on the sea bed), more-so than where the larvae are planktonic, and thereby easily caught.
Scaled correlationIn statistics, scaled correlation is a form of a coefficient of correlation applicable to data that have a temporal component such as time series. It is the average short-term correlation. If the signals have multiple components (slow and fast), scaled coefficient of correlation can be computed only for the fast components of the signals, ignoring the contributions of the slow components. This filtering-like operation has the advantages of not having to make assumptions about the sinusoidal nature of the signals.
Écosystème lentiqueUn écosystème lentique (ou écosystème lénitique) est constitué d'un biotope et des êtres vivants propres aux eaux calmes à renouvellement lent (lacs, marécages, étangs, mares). Au contraire, les milieux d'eaux courantes abritent des écosystèmes lotiques. Les systèmes lentiques prennent des formes très diverses, allant d'une petite flaque temporaire de quelques centimètres de profondeur jusqu'au lac Baïkal dont la profondeur maximale atteint .
Aquatic locomotionAquatic locomotion or swimming is biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium. The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella. Swimming has evolved a number of times in a range of organisms including arthropods, fish, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Swimming evolved a number of times in unrelated lineages. Supposed jellyfish fossils occur in the Ediacaran, but the first free-swimming animals appear in the Early to Middle Cambrian.
Biomasse (écologie)vignette|upright=1.5|Biomasse totale des organismes présents sur Terre vignette|upright=1.5|Biomasse totale des animaux présents sur Terre vignette|redresse=1.3|Selon les données « couleur de l'océan » recueillies par le capteur SeaWiFS, la production primaire dans l'océan mondial est sensiblement égale à celle sur les terres émergées, bien que la biomasse primaire océanique soit environ 500 fois moins importante que la biomasse terrestre, ce qui traduit la très grande efficacité du phytoplancton océanique.
Multibeam echosounderA multibeam echosounder (MBES) is a type of sonar that is used to map the seabed. It emits acoustic waves in a fan shape beneath its transceiver. The time it takes for the sound waves to reflect off the seabed and return to the receiver is used to calculate the water depth. Unlike other sonars and echo sounders, MBES uses beamforming to extract directional information from the returning soundwaves, producing a swathe of depth soundings from a single ping.
SonarLe sonar (acronyme issu de l'anglais sound navigation and ranging) est un appareil utilisant les propriétés particulières de la propagation du son dans l'eau pour détecter et situer les objets sous l'eau en indiquant leur direction et leur distance. Son invention découle des travaux de Lewis Nixon et des Français Paul Langevin et Constantin Chilowski au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale.
Fish locomotionFish locomotion is the various types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the fins.
Intervalle de confiancevignette|Chaque ligne montre 20 échantillons tirés selon la loi normale de moyenne μ. On y montre l'intervalle de confiance de niveau 50% pour la moyenne correspondante aux 20 échantillons, marquée par un losange. Si l'intervalle contient μ, il est bleu ; sinon il est rouge. En mathématiques, plus précisément en théorie des probabilités et en statistiques, un intervalle de confiance encadre une valeur réelle que l’on cherche à estimer à l’aide de mesures prises par un procédé aléatoire.
