Surface chargeA surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge.
ConformérieEn chimie, la conformérie est une forme de stéréoisomérie décrivant le fait qu'une même molécule existe sous la forme de plusieurs conformères (ou isomères de conformation) à la suite de la rotation des atomes autour de liaisons chimiques simples. On parle surtout de conformérie en chimie organique, pour des rotations autour des liaisons carbone-carbone. Il existe trois principaux facteurs qui rendent certains conformères plus stables que les autres : L'interaction entre une liaison σ et le lobe orbital arrière d'une liaison σ∗ voisine : cela n'est possible que lorsque les deux liaisons sont décalées.
Strain (chemistry)In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal energy which an unstrained molecule does not. This extra internal energy, or strain energy, can be likened to a compressed spring.
