Hiver nucléaireUn hiver nucléaire est un phénomène climatique hypothétique de baisse globale des températures de surface, prédit comme pouvant être le résultat d’une guerre nucléaire massive. Il serait analogue à l’hiver volcanique ou à l'hiver d'impact. Un hiver nucléaire serait un refroidissement global et durable du climat terrestre lié à l'absorption des rayonnements du Soleil par les aérosols injectés dans la stratosphère par un grand nombre d'explosions nucléaires.
Angular momentum of lightThe angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning, or "twisting) around its own axis. This rotation, while not visible to the naked eye, can be revealed by the interaction of the light beam with matter. There are two distinct forms of rotation of a light beam, one involving its polarization and the other its wavefront shape.
Spin angular momentum of lightThe spin angular momentum of light (SAM) is the component of angular momentum of light that is associated with the quantum spin and the rotation between the polarization degrees of freedom of the photon. Spin is the fundamental property that distinguishes the two types of elementary particles: fermions with half-integer spins and bosons with integer spins. Photons, which are the quanta of light, have been long recognized as spin-1 gauge bosons. The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic” spin degree of freedom.
