Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Environmental concerns can be defined as the negative effects of any human activity on the environment. The biological as well as the physical features of the environment are included.
Soil testSoil test may refer to one or more of a wide variety of soil analysis conducted for one of several possible reasons. Possibly the most widely conducted soil tests are those done to estimate the plant-available concentrations of plant nutrients, in order to determine fertilizer recommendations in agriculture. Other soil tests may be done for engineering (geotechnical), geochemical or ecological investigations. In agriculture, a soil test commonly refers to the analysis of a soil sample to determine nutrient content, composition, and other characteristics such as the acidity or pH level.
Pédogenèse (géologie)alt=mécanismes de la pédogenèse|vignette|redresse=1.7|Illustration simplifiée des mécanismes de base de la pédogenèse. La vitesse moyenne de formation d'un sol va de 0,017 à 0,036 mm/an (la formation d'une couche arable de prenant ainsi de à ). Des taux d'érosion deux fois plus élevé (voire quarante fois dans les pays développés actuels dont l'agriculture productiviste se traduit par un labour ou un travail du sol intensif) explique l'espérance de vie des grandes civilisations antiques qui a souvent suivi un même cycle d'expansion et de récession (en moyenne de 800 à , donnée compatible avec l'érosion complète des couches arables et fertiles par leur culture intensive reposant sur environ un mètre de terre végétale).
Particulate organic matterParticulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter.
TourbeLa tourbe est une matière organique fossile formée par accumulation sur de longues périodes de temps de matière organique morte, essentiellement des végétaux, dans un milieu saturé en eau. La tourbe forme la majeure partie des sols des tourbières. Séchée, elle donne un combustible brun à noirâtre qui chauffe moins que le bois et le charbon. L'extraction de la tourbe a été l'une des causes de disparition ou dégradation de nombreuses zones humides, laissant parfois place à de vastes étangs (comme dans le marais audomarois).
Agricultural soil scienceAgricultural soil science is a branch of soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber. In this context, it is also a constituent of the field of agronomy and is thus also described as soil agronomy. Prior to the development of pedology in the 19th century, agricultural soil science (or edaphology) was the only branch of soil science. The bias of early soil science toward viewing soils only in terms of their agricultural potential continues to define the soil science profession in both academic and popular settings .
Soil steam sterilizationSoil steam sterilization (soil steaming) is a farming technique that sterilizes soil with steam in open fields or greenhouses. Pests of plant cultures such as weeds, bacteria, fungi and viruses are killed through induced hot steam which causes vital cellular proteins to unfold. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. Important heat-resistant, spore-forming bacteria can survive and revitalize the soil after cooling down. Soil fatigue can be cured through the release of nutritive substances blocked within the soil.
Total organic carbonTotal organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality, or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating a petroleum play. For marine surface sediments average TOC content is 0.5% in the deep ocean, and 2% along the eastern margins.
CarboneLe carbone est l'élément chimique de et de Il possède trois isotopes naturels : C et C qui sont stables ; C qui est radioactif de demi-vie ce qui permet de dater des éléments utilisant du carbone pour leur structure. Le carbone est l'élément le plus léger du groupe 14 du tableau périodique. Le corps simple carbone présente plusieurs formes allotropiques dont principalement le graphite et le diamant. L'élément carbone forme divers composés inorganiques comme le dioxyde de carbone , et une grande variété de composés organiques et de polymères.
Woody plant encroachmentWoody plant encroachment (also called bush encroachment, shrub encroachment, woody encroachment, bush thickening, or woody plant proliferation) is a natural phenomenon characterised by the increase in density of woody plants, bushes and shrubs, at the expense of the herbaceous layer, grasses and forbs. It predominantly occurs in grasslands, savannas and woodlands and can cause biome shifts from open grasslands and savannas to closed woodlands. The term bush encroachment refers to the expansion of native plants and not the spread of alien invasive species.
Charbon actifLe charbon actif, aussi nommé charbon activé ou carbone activé, est un matériau constitué essentiellement de matière carbonée à structure poreuse. On appelle charbon actif tout charbon ayant subi une préparation particulière et qui, de ce fait, possède à un haut degré la propriété de fixer et de retenir certaines molécules amenées à son contact. Il s'agit d'une structure amorphe composée principalement d'atomes de carbone, généralement obtenue après une étape de carbonisation d'un précurseur à haute température.
