BioraffinerieLes bioraffineries ou agroraffineries sont des installations industrielles qui transforment (bioraffinage) les productions agricoles végétales et la biomasse en biocarburant, agrocarburant destinés à produire de la chaleur et de la puissance (agroénergie), ainsi qu'en produits chimiques à valeur ajoutée, biomatériaux voire en produits destinés à l'alimentation humaine, animale, etc.. Le concept de bioraffinerie est basé sur une recherche de valorisation optimisée de toutes les composantes des agro-ressources transformées (les coproduits pouvant parfois avoir plus de valeur que le produit principal).
Second-generation biofuelsSecond-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel. First-generation biofuels are made from sugar-starch feedstocks (e.g., sugarcane and corn) and edible oil feedstocks (e.g., rapeseed and soybean oil), which are generally converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively.
Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuelsThe bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels can be accomplished using the MixAlco process. Through bioconversion of biomass to a mixed alcohol fuel, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation. The process involves a biological/chemical method for converting any biodegradable material (e.g., urban wastes, such as municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste, and sewage sludge, agricultural residues such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, cotton gin trash, manure) into useful chemicals, such as carboxylic acids (e.
Algocarburantthumb|upright=2|Schéma de production d'algocarburant. Un algocarburant est un carburant à base de lipides extraits des micro-algues. Les algocarburants sont des biocarburants de « troisième génération » potentiellement capables de remplacer les controversés biogazoles de « première génération », obtenus à partir d'huile végétale de plantes terrestres. Le combustible d'algues, le biocarburant d'algues ou l'huile d'algues est une alternative aux combustibles fossiles liquides qui utilisent les algues comme source d'huiles riches en énergie.
BioéthanolLe bioéthanol ou agroéthanol est un biocarburant utilisable dans certains moteurs à essence. Le terme bioéthanol est un amalgame entre le préfixe bio du grec bios, vie, vivant et du terme éthanol. Le préfixe bio indique que l'éthanol est produit à partir de matière organique (biomasse) et n'a pas de lien avec le terme généralement utilisé pour désigner l'agriculture biologique. Le préfixe « bio » est donc contesté dans certains pays francophones.
Ethanol fuel in the United StatesThe United States became the world's largest producer of ethanol fuel in 2005. The U.S. produced 15.8 billion U.S. liquid gallons of ethanol fuel in 2019, and 13.9 billion U.S. liquid gallons (52.6 billion liters) in 2011, an increase from 13.2 billion U.S. liquid gallons (49.2 billion liters) in 2010, and up from 1.63 billion gallons in 2000. Brazil and U.S. production accounted for 87.1% of global production in 2011. In the U.
BiocarburantUn biocarburant est un carburant (combustible liquide ou gazeux) produit à partir de matériaux organiques non fossiles, provenant de la biomasse (c'est le sens du préfixe « bio » dans biocarburant) et qui vient en complément ou en substitution du combustible fossile. Ceux qui sont produits par la filière agricole sont désignés sous le vocable d'agrocarburant.
Éthanol cellulosiqueL'éthanol cellulosique (ou ceetol) est un biocarburant de transport fabriqué à partir de déchets agricoles et ligneux, ainsi que d'arbres à croissance rapide. La paille de blé, la canne à sucre, le maïs, les déchets ligneux, le panic érigé et le peuplier constituent autant de sources potentielles. Les sous-produits végétaux servent à produire l'énergie requise pour la fabrication de l'éthanol cellulosique. Son potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre est supérieur à celui de l'éthanol traditionnel fabriqué à partir de céréales.
Biofuel in AustraliaBiofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste. It is considered a renewable source of energy that can assist in reducing carbon emissions. The two main types of biofuel currently being produced in Australia are biodiesel and bioethanol, used as replacements for diesel and petrol (gasoline) respectively. As of 2017 Australia is a relatively small producer of biofuels, accounting for 0.2% of world bioethanol production and 0.1% of world biodiesel production.
Biofuel in SwedenBiofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
Alternative fuelAlternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are fuels derived from sources other than petroleum. Alternative fuels include gaseous fossil fuels like propane, natural gas, methane, and ammonia; biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol, and refuse-derived fuel; and other renewable fuels like hydrogen and electricity. These fuels serve are intended to substitute for more carbon intensive energy sources like gasoline and diesel in transportation and can help to contribute to decarbonization and reductions in pollution.
Shale oil extractionShale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The resultant shale oil is used as fuel oil or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities. Shale oil extraction is usually performed above ground (ex situ processing) by mining the oil shale and then treating it in processing facilities.
BioenergyBioenergy is energy made or generated from biomass, which consists of recently living (but now dead) organisms, mainly plants. Types of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, food crops such as corn, energy crops and waste from forests, yards, or farms. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy. Bioenergy can either mitigate (i.e. reduce) or increase greenhouse gas emissions. There is also agreement that local environmental impacts can be problematic.
Extraction par un fluide supercritiqueL'extraction par un fluide supercritique (EFS) est un procédé d'extraction d'un soluté d'une substance en utilisant un fluide supercritique comme solvant d'extraction. Ce procédé ressemble au procédé d'extraction par un liquide. Le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) supercritique est le fluide le plus utilisé. Ses avantages sont surtout sa non toxicité et son inertie chimique. Lors de l'extraction, les conditions d'utilisation du dioxyde de carbone supercritique sont au-dessus de ses points critiques (température critique 31 °C et pression critique 74 bar).
Huile pyrolytiquevignette|Huile pyrolytique produite à partir de déchets agricoles. L'huile pyrolytique est un carburant de synthèse pour lequel des recherches sont en cours pour en faire un substitut du pétrole. Au moyen d'une technologie de distillation destructive du type biomass to liquid, on l'extrait de la biomasse séchée dans un réacteur à la température d'environ avec un refroidissement ultérieur. L'huile pyrolytique est une sorte de goudron, et normalement sa teneur en oxygène est trop élevée pour en faire un hydrocarbure.
DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
Sustainable biofuelSustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner. It is not based on petroleum or other fossil fuels. It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply. Low-carbon fuel standard In 2008, the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels. This includes 12 principles: "Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.
Extraction du pétroleL'extraction de pétrole est le processus par lequel le pétrole utilisable est extrait et retiré du sous sol. Les géologues utilisent des études sismiques pour rechercher des structures géologiques qui peuvent abriter des réservoirs de pétrole. La méthode «classique» consiste à faire exploser une charge explosive souterraine à proximité et observer la réponse sismique qui fournit des informations sur les structures géologiques souterraines. Cependant, il existe aussi des méthodes «passives» qui extraient des informations à partir des ondes sismiques naturelles.
Biomass to liquidBiomass to liquid (BtL or BMtL) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route. According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass each year without decreasing the amount of biomass needed for food, animal feed, or exports. The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass.
Demand curveIn a demand schedule, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x-axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve), or for all consumers in a particular market (a market demand curve). It is generally assumed that demand curves slope down, as shown in the adjacent image.
