Conseil génétiqueLe conseil génétique est le processus par lequel des patients ou des parents présentant un risque de maladie héréditaire sont conseillés et informés de la nature et des conséquences de cette maladie, de la probabilité de la développer ou de la transmettre à leur descendance, et des options qui se présentent à eux en matière de planification de vie et de planification familiale, de manière à prévenir la maladie ou améliorer leur situation.
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritanceTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of epigenetic markers and modifications from one generation to multiple subsequent generations without altering the primary structure of DNA. Thus, the regulation of genes via epigenetic mechanisms can be heritable; the amount of transcripts and proteins produced can be altered by inherited epigenetic changes. In order for epigenetic marks to be heritable, however, they must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable.
Signalisation cellulaireLa signalisation cellulaire est un système complexe de communication qui régit les processus fondamentaux des cellules et coordonne leur activité. La capacité des cellules à percevoir leur micro-environnement et à y répondre correctement est à la base de leur développement et de celui des organismes multicellulaires, de la cicatrisation et du système immunitaire, ainsi que de l'homéostasie tissulaire normale. Des dysfonctionnements dans le traitement de l'information cellulaire peuvent être responsables de maladies telles que le cancer, les maladies auto-immunes et le diabète.
Aliment génétiquement modifiéGenetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.
Epigenetic clockAn epigenetic clock is a biochemical test that can be used to measure age. The test is based on DNA methylation levels, measuring the accumulation of methyl groups to one's DNA molecules. The strong effects of age on DNA methylation levels have been known since the late 1960s. A vast literature describes sets of CpGs whose DNA methylation levels correlate with age. The first robust demonstration that DNA methylation levels in saliva could generate age predictors with an average accuracy of 5.
Regulation of genetic engineeringThe regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis. Many countries allow the import of GM food with authorization, but either do not allow its cultivation (Russia, Norway, Israel) or have provisions for cultivation, but no GM products are yet produced (Japan, South Korea).
Gaseous signaling moleculesGaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesized internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell. The term is applied to, for example, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, ethylene, etc.
Identification (psychanalyse)L'identification est le processus par lequel une personne se transforme, de façon provisoire ou permanente, en assimilant un trait ou un attribut, partiel ou total, d'une autre personne. C'est le processus par excellence de la formation de la personnalité. La psychanalyse comprendra l'identification comme émanant de mécanismes très différents. On peut cependant souligner la conception d'une instance du Moi se constituant par identifications successives, portant le plus souvent sur un trait unique.
Genetic privacyGenetic privacy involves the concept of personal privacy concerning the storing, repurposing, provision to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to one's genetic information. This concept also encompasses privacy regarding the ability to identify specific individuals by their genetic sequence, and the potential to gain information on specific characteristics about that person via portions of their genetic information, such as their propensity for specific diseases or their immediate or distant ancestry.
Théorie radicalaire du vieillissementLa théorie radicalaire du vieillissement énonce que les organismes vieillissent par la multiplication des lésions liées à l’accumulation de radicaux libres dans les cellules. Un « radical libre » est un atome ou une molécule possédant un seul électron non apparié dans sa couche externe. Si certains radicaux libres, tels la mélanine, sont chimiquement inertes, la plupart des radicaux libres présents dans les organismes sont fortement réactifs.
Cellular senescenceCellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways.
Sensibilité non cœliaque au glutenLa sensibilité non cœliaque au gluten (SNCG) (NCGS en anglais) ou sensibilité au gluten est une pathologie controversée définie comme « une entité clinique induite par l'ingestion de gluten conduisant à des symptômes intestinaux et/ou extra-intestinaux qui s'améliorent une fois que l'aliment contenant du gluten est retiré de l'alimentation, alors que la maladie cœliaque et l'allergie au blé ont été exclues. ». L'existence de la sensibilité non cœliaque au gluten est remise en cause par plusieurs études.
