An integrated approach for advancing critical raw materials assessment in the renewable energy transition: insights from Switzerland and Italy

The transition to carbon neutrality requires the adoption of renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines. These technologies rely on Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) that play an essential role in enabling the energy transition. The criticality of these materials is shaped by two key dimensions: (i) external, encompassing global and regional factors like production volumes, supply concentration, and geopolitical dependencies, and (ii) internal, which relate to national preparedness, including recycling capacity, and national energy transition targets. This study presents a novel methodology for assessing the criticality of raw materials required for renewable energy technologies, incorporating both external and internal contexts. The methodology was tested through case studies in Italy and Switzerland — two countries with distinct energy transition pathways and material dependencies. The approach integrated an analysis of supply risks, material importance, projected material demands, stock availability, and end-of-life recycling potential for two renewable energy technologies: wind turbines and photovoltaic solar panels. The study compiled CRMs lists specific to the energy transition in Italy and Switzerland, as well as a broader perspective for the EU region. Materials such as Rare Earth Elements, gallium, boron, and aluminium emerged as critical due to their potential disruption in the supply chain and growing demand, among other aspects. The results reveal that Switzerland, with its ambitious energy transition targets, faced a broader range of critical materials than Italy, which demonstrated a relatively lower material demand increase. The findings underscore the importance of focalized criticality assessments that account for both global/regional supply dynamics and country-specific circumstances. The methodology provides a framework for policymakers and industry stakeholders to identify material supply risks, support circular economy strategies, and enhance resilience in renewable energy supply chains. This approach is adaptable for use in other national or regional contexts, offering valuable guidance for sustainable energy transitions worldwide.