Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (-)-Arborisidine and (-)-19-epi-Arborisidine Enabled by a Catalytic Enantioselective Pictet-Spengler Reaction

A five-step total synthesis of arborisidine, a caged pentacyclic monoterpene indole alkaloid, has been accomplished in both racemic and enantioselective manners. The synthesis features the following three key steps: (a) a regioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptamine with 2,3-pentanedione; (b) a chemo- and stereoselective intramolecular oxidative cyclization; and (c) a complexity-generating aza-Cope/Mannich cascade followed by in situ oxidation and epimerization. A chiral pyrenylpyrrolidino-squaramide catalyzed enantioselective Pictet-Spengler reaction between tryptamine and 2,3-pentanedione is subsequently uncovered, allowing us to develop a five-step asymmetric synthesis of (-)-arborisidine, an enantiomer of the natural substance. Both (+/-)-19-epi-arborisidine and (-)-19-epi-arborisidine are also synthe- sized, which undergo epimerization at room temperature in the presence of aqueous 2 N KOH to (+/-)-arborisidine and (-)-arborisidine, respectively. The 19-epi-isomer is also partially epimerized to arborisidine upon preparative TLC purification (eluent: MeOH/CHCl3 saturated with NH3) and equilibrium studies indicate that arborisidine is thermodynamically more stable than its 19-epimer. In line with Kam's biosynthesis proposal and their purification protocol, we suspect that 19-epi-arborisidine could also be a natural product.