Policy studiesPolicy studies is a subdiscipline of political science that includes the analysis of the process of policymaking (the policy process) and the contents of policy (policy analysis). Policy analysis includes substantive area research (such as health or education policy), program evaluation and impact studies, and policy design. It "involves systematically studying the nature, causes, and effects of alternative public policies, with particular emphasis on determining the policies that will achieve given goals.
Vehicle emission standardEmission standards are the legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Emission standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount of specific air pollutants that may be released from specific sources over specific timeframes. They are generally designed to achieve air quality standards and to protect human life. Different regions and countries have different standards for vehicle emissions. Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles.
PolicyPolicy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.
Environmental policyEnvironmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, maintenance of biodiversity, the management of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species. For example, concerning environmental policy, the implementation of an eco-energy-oriented policy at a global level to address the issues of global warming and climate changes could be addressed.
ConsommationLa consommation caractérise l'acte d'un agent économique (le consommateur) qui utilise (consommation finale) ou transforme (consommation intermédiaire) des biens et services. Cette utilisation ou transformation provoque la destruction immédiate (biens non durables) ou progressive (biens durables) des éléments consommés. D'un point de vue général, la consommation (destructrice de valeur) s'oppose à la production (créatrice de valeur).
Sustainable consumptionSustainable consumption (sometimes abbreviated to "SC") is the use of products and services in ways that minimizes impacts on the environment. Sustainable consumption is done in a way that needs are met for present humans but also for future generations. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal (or recycling) not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations.
Environmental impact of the energy industryThe environmental impact of the energy industry is significant, as energy and natural resource consumption are closely related. Producing, transporting, or consuming energy all have an environmental impact. Energy has been harnessed by human beings for millennia. Initially it was with the use of fire for light, heat, cooking and for safety, and its use can be traced back at least 1.9 million years. In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources.
Transition énergétiqueLa transition énergétique désigne à la fois l'évolution passée de la répartition des énergies consommées sur la planète (bois, hydroélectricité, charbon, pétrole, gaz naturel, nucléaire, etc.) et, pour l'avenir, l'objectif politique et technique d'une modification structurelle profonde des modes de production et de consommation de l'énergie. C'est l'un des volets de la transition écologique.
Inégalités de revenuthumb|400px|Inégalité des revenus (2013) au sein des pays, mesuré par le coefficient de Gini : 0 correspond à une égalité parfaite (toutes les personnes ont les mêmes richesses), et 1 à une inégalité totale (où une personne possèderait tout). Les pays en rouge sont plus inégalitaires que les pays en vert. Les inégalités de revenu pointent la disparité existante entre les revenus des individus « riches » et ceux des individus « pauvres ».
Fugitive gas emissionsFugitive gas emissions are emissions of gas (typically natural gas, which contains methane) to atmosphere or groundwater which result from oil and gas or coal mining activity. In 2016, these emissions, when converted to their equivalent impact of carbon dioxide, accounted for 5.8% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Most fugitive emissions are the result of loss of well integrity through poorly sealed well casings due to geochemically unstable cement.
Écomobilitévignette|Mère transportant ses enfants dans un vélo cargo. Un mode de transport en fort développement dans les pôles urbains. vignette|Le vélo à assistance électrique permet d'étendre le rayon d'utilisation du vélo pour les trajets domicile-travail et cible ainsi davantage des utilisateurs périurbains ou éloignés de leur lieu de travail. vignette|Tramway à droite et tram-train à gauche à Mulhouse. Ce dernier mode de transport circule à la fois sur le réseau de tramway urbain et sur le réseau ferroviaire périurbain, qui se retrouvent ainsi interconnectés.
LémanLe Léman ( ), ou par tautologie lac Léman, également dénommé lac de Genève notamment dans le canton de Genève et dans plusieurs langues étrangères, est un lac d'origine glaciaire situé en Suisse et en France ; par sa superficie, c'est le plus grand lac alpin et subalpin d'Europe. Le lac, d'une longueur d'environ et d'une largeur maximale inférieure à , est en forme de croissant orienté de l'est vers l'ouest. Le rivage nord et les deux extrémités sont suisses et sont partagés entre les cantons de Genève, de Vaud et du Valais.
