Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Pandémie de grippeUne pandémie de grippe est une épidémie grippale touchant une part inhabituellement importante de la population et présente sur une large zone géographique.Il ne s'agit pas d'évènements tout à fait exceptionnels, sur la base des pandémies grippales documentées, une pandémie grippale intervient en moyenne tous les 11 à 22 ans.
Système immunitairevignette|Un lymphocyte, principale composante du système immunitaire adaptatif des vertébrés. Le système immunitaire d'un organisme est un système biologique complexe constitué d'un ensemble coordonné d'éléments de reconnaissance et de défense qui discrimine le soi du non-soi. Ce qui est reconnu comme non-soi est détruit. Il protège l'organisme des agents pathogènes : virus, bactéries, parasites, certaines particules ou molécules « étrangères » (dont certains poisons), mais est responsable du phénomène de rejet de greffe.
Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.
Molecular pathological epidemiologyMolecular pathological epidemiology (MPE, also molecular pathologic epidemiology) is a discipline combining epidemiology and pathology. It is defined as "epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease". Pathology and epidemiology share the same goal of elucidating etiology of disease, and MPE aims to achieve this goal at molecular, individual and population levels. Typically, MPE utilizes tissue pathology resources and data within existing epidemiology studies.
Système immunitaire innévignette|Schéma simplifié de l'homéostasie et de la réponse immunitaire au niveau de la barrière intestinale. Le système immunitaire inné comprend les cellules et les mécanismes permettant la défense immédiate de l'organisme contre les agents infectieux de façon immédiate car elle ne nécessite pas de division cellulaire. Il s'oppose en cela au système immunitaire adaptatif, qui confère une protection plus tardive mais plus durable, et qui nécessite une division cellulaire (lymphocyte B et T).
Biologie moléculaireredresse=1.67|vignette| Géométrie de la double hélice d'ADN B montrant le petit et le grand sillon ainsi que le détail des deux types de paires de bases : thymine–adénine en haut et cytosine–guanine en bas. La biologie moléculaire (parfois abrégée bio. mol.) est une discipline scientifique de la vie au croisement de la génétique, de la biochimie métabolique et de la physique, dont l'objet est la compréhension des mécanismes de fonctionnement de la cellule au niveau moléculaire.
Bacterial genomeBacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp to over 14 Mbp. A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size increases, the number of genes increases at a disproportionately slower rate in eukaryotes than in non-eukaryotes. Thus, the proportion of non-coding DNA goes up with genome size more quickly in non-bacteria than in bacteria.
Functional genomicsFunctional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures.
Biologie de l'évolutionEvolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of an organism. These changes in the phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed onto their offspring.
Adaptation (biologie)En biologie, l'adaptation peut se définir d’une manière générale comme l’ajustement fonctionnel de l’être vivant au milieu, et, en particulier, comme l’appropriation de l’organe à sa fonction. L’adaptation correspond à la mise en accord d'un organisme vivant avec les conditions qui lui sont extérieures. Elle perfectionne ses organes, les rend plus aptes au rôle qu’ils semblent jouer dans la vie de l’individu. Elle met l’organisme tout entier en cohérence avec le milieu.
Nucleic acid hybridizationIn molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the laboratory (generally by raising the surrounding temperature) will cause the molecules to separate into single strands. These strands are complementary to each other but may also be complementary to other sequences present in their surroundings.
