Système robotique pour la mobilisation des membres inférieurs d'une personne paraplégique

This thesis is the first to be carried out within the framework of the project "Cyberthosis for Paraplegics" in progress at the "Laboratoire de Systèmes Robotiques" (LSRO) of the "Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne" (EPFL). This project, initiated in 1999 by the "Fondation Suisse pour les Cyberthèses" in Villeneuve (FSC), is based on the reflections on the current means of physical rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries people. Eager to bring new methods of rehabilitation, the FSC initiated a program focused on the development of rehabilitation devices and overground walking assistance devices, associating an orthotic system with the electrical muscle stimulation. The main objective is to create an active muscular participation while preserving the physiological dynamic effects of the movements and thus to accelerate the process of rehabilitation. Three developments corresponding to three successive phases of rehabilitation are envisaged. A. MotionMaker™: stationary system for mobilization and muscular reinforcement. B. WalkTrainer™: mobile equipment allowing overground locomotion to stimulate neural plasticity and relearn walking. C. WalkMaker™: Assistance device for autonomous walking. The first stage of this thesis was to validate, on the knee joint, the closed loop control of electrically stimulated muscles with the information provided by an orthotic system. To do this, a robotic knee was designed. An electric motor controls the knee bending/extension, with resistance or assistance to the movement. Integrated sensors transmit, in real time, the values torques and articular positions to the dataprocessing programs which control the orthosis and the associated stimulator. This allows the adjustment of the resistance during movement and the adjustment of the electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscles according to the kinematics and dynamics chosen. With this prototype we demonstrated the feasibility of closed loop control of electrically-stimulated muscles on able-bodied people as well as on people with spinal cord injuries. In a second stage, a more complete device, the MotionMaker™, was developed. It comprises two orthoses for the lower limbs. In the current state, the control unit allows the management of the 3 articulations (hip, knee and ankle) and of 7 muscles on each side (rectus femoris, vastus medialis and lateralis, gluteus maximus, semimembranosus and semitendinosus, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius). Several algorithms of electrical stimulation control were proposed and evaluated in this thesis. They are either based on a mathematical model of the 7 muscles according to the stimulation current and the joint positions or on an iterative learning control. The development of this cyberthosis is currently sufficiently advanced to carry out, on able-bodied subjects, leg-press movements with control of the strength provided by the electrically-stimulated muscles. Thus the outcome push forces on the feet follow the values de