BRCA1Le gène BRCA1 (abréviation de breast cancer 1) est un gène humain découvert en 1990 par Mary-Claire King, appartenant à une classe de gènes suppresseurs de tumeur, qui maintiennent l'intégrité génomique afin de prévenir la prolifération incontrôlée de cellules mammaires. La protéine BRCA1 est multifactorielle : elle est impliquée dans la réparation des dommages de l'ADN, l'ubiquitination, la régulation transcriptionnelle, ainsi que dans d'autres fonctions.
Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription.
Selective estrogen receptor modulatorSelective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonist/antagonists (ERAAs), are a class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor (ER). A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure ER agonists and antagonists (that is, full agonists and silent antagonists) is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.
AdénofibromeL'adénofibrome (ou fibroadénome) est une tumeur bénigne du sein composée de tissus fibreux et de tissus glandulaires atteignant la glande mammaire. Cette tumeur bénigne est la plus fréquente des tumeurs solides du sein. Elle survient essentiellement chez les jeunes femmes, souvent avant 30 ans, mais peut apparaître à tout âge. L'adénofibrome du sein se caractérise par une consistance solide, ferme et bien limitée. Il se distingue d'autres tumeurs par sa forte mobilité.
Biologie de l'évolutionEvolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of an organism. These changes in the phenotypes will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed onto their offspring.
Extracellular polymeric substanceExtracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in the matrix of biofilms provides compositional support and protection of microbial communities from the harsh environments. Components of EPS can be of different classes of polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and minerals.
