Moelle spinaleLa moelle spinale (selon la nouvelle nomenclature), ou moelle épinière (dans l’ancienne nomenclature), désigne la partie du système nerveux central qui prolonge la moelle allongée appartenant au tronc cérébral. Elle est contenue dans le canal rachidien (canal formé par la superposition des foramens vertébraux), qui la soutient et la protège. Elle est constituée de neurones et de cellules gliales. Sa fonction principale est la transmission des messages nerveux entre le cerveau et le reste du corps.
Terrestrial animalTerrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g. cats, chickens, ants, spiders), as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e.g. fish, lobsters, octopuses), and amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g. frogs and newts). Some groups of insects are terrestrial, such as ants, butterflies, earwigs, cockroaches, grasshoppers and many others, while other groups are partially aquatic, such as mosquitoes and dragonflies, which pass their larval stages in water.
Membre inférieur (anatomie humaine)Les membres inférieurs chez l'Homme sont les membres de la locomotion, permettant aux humains de se soutenir et de se déplacer d'un endroit à un autre en marchant. Les membres inférieurs sont formés de six parties ou régions principales : La partie supérieure s'appelle la région glutéale, située entre le bassin et la cuisse. La région fémorale (la cuisse), située entre la hanche et la région du genou. La région du genou, située entre la cuisse et la jambe. La région crurale (la jambe), située entre le genou et la cheville.
Aquatic locomotionAquatic locomotion or swimming is biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium. The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella. Swimming has evolved a number of times in a range of organisms including arthropods, fish, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Swimming evolved a number of times in unrelated lineages. Supposed jellyfish fossils occur in the Ediacaran, but the first free-swimming animals appear in the Early to Middle Cambrian.
Upper motor neuronUpper motor neurons (UMNs) is a term introduced by William Gowers in 1886. They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and carry information down to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax. UMNs in the cerebral cortex are the main source of voluntary movement. They are the larger pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. There is a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells and are found just below the surface of the cerebral cortex within layer V of the primary motor cortex.
Pied (anatomie humaine)Le pied est la partie distale du membre inférieur de l'être humain. Il est relié à la jambe par l'articulation de la cheville. Il supporte le poids du corps en position debout et permet la locomotion. Premier élément au contact avec le sol , Il assure un rôle essentiel dans l'équilibre, l'amortissement et la propulsion. Le pied adulte comprend , , assurant leur protection et limitant la mobilité, qui permettent leur mouvement.
Alpha motor neuronAlpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles. While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
Convergence évolutiveLa (ou évolution convergente) est le résultat de mécanismes évolutifs ayant conduit des espèces, soumises aux mêmes contraintes environnementales (niches écologiques similaires), à adopter indépendamment plusieurs traits physiologiques, morphologiques, parfois comportementaux semblables. Plus généralement, ce terme, en seconde position, s’applique aussi à l’évolution d’autres systèmes adaptatifs comme les groupes humains ou les civilisations.
Legged robotLegged robots are a type of mobile robot which use articulated limbs, such as leg mechanisms, to provide locomotion. They are more versatile than wheeled robots and can traverse many different terrains, though these advantages require increased complexity and power consumption. Legged robots often imitate legged animals, such as humans or insects, in an example of biomimicry. Legged robots, or walking machines, are designed for locomotion on rough terrain and require control of leg actuators to maintain balance, sensors to determine foot placement and planning algorithms to determine the direction and speed of movement.
MammifèreLes Mammifères (Mammalia) sont une classe d'animaux vertébrés caractérisés par la présence de fourrures (excepté pour certains mammifères marins), d'une oreille moyenne comportant trois os, d'un néocortex et de glandes mammaires, dont les représentants femelles nourrissent leurs juvéniles à partir d'une sécrétion cutanéo-glandulaire spécialisée appelée lait (on dit alors qu'elles allaitent). Les Mammifères comportent connues en 2018 qui, selon les classifications scientifiques, sont distribuées en , et en près de .
Human legThe human leg is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or buttock region. The major bones of the leg are the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and adjacent fibula. The thigh is between the hip and knee, while the calf (rear) and shin (front) are between the knee and foot. Legs are used for standing, many forms of human movement, recreation such as dancing, and constitute a significant portion of a person's mass.
SpondylosisSpondylosis is the degeneration of the vertebral column from any cause. In the more narrow sense it refers to spinal osteoarthritis, the age-related degeneration of the spinal column, which is the most common cause of spondylosis. The degenerative process in osteoarthritis chiefly affects the vertebral bodies, the neural foramina and the facet joints (facet syndrome). If severe, it may cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots with subsequent sensory or motor disturbances, such as pain, paresthesia, imbalance, and muscle weakness in the limbs.
