Dynamic crack propagation with a variational phase-field model: limiting speed, crack branching and velocity-toughening mechanisms

We address the simulation of dynamic crack propagation in brittle materials using a regularized phase-field description, which can also be interpreted as a damage-gradient model. Benefiting from a variational framework, the dynamic evolution of the mechanical fields are obtained as a succession of energy minimizations. We investigate the capacity of such a simple model to reproduce specific experimental features of dynamic in-plane fracture. These include the crack branching phenomenon as well as the existence of a limiting crack velocity below the Rayleigh wave speed for mode I propagation. Numerical results show that, when a crack accelerates, the damaged band tends to widen in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction, before forming two distinct macroscopic branches. This transition from a single crack propagation to a branched configuration is described by a well-defined master-curve of the apparent fracture energy $\Gamma$ as an increasing function of the crack velocity. This $\Gamma(v)$ relationship can be associated, from a macroscopic point of view, with the well-known velocity-toughening mechanism. These results also support the existence of a critical value of the energy release rate associated with branching: a critical value of approximately 2$G_c$ is observed i.e. the fracture energy contribution of two crack tips. Finally, our work demonstrates the efficiency of the phase-field approach to simulate crack propagation dynamics interacting with heterogeneities, revealing the complex interplay between heterogeneity patterns and branching mechanisms.