Earth Embeddings: Toward artificial intelligence-centric representations of our planet

We present a new perspective for the flexible and efficient representation of geospatial data, tailored to and empowered by artificial intelligence (AI): Earth embeddings. Earth embeddings provide a unified and accessible vector representation of local geographic characteristics. They fuse different geospatial data sources across time and space, compress raw geospatial inputs into one dense representation, can be used to guide interpolation among observations, and can serve as a bridge to other foundation models like large language models (LLMs). This provides a powerful alternative to existing geospatial workflows that rely on heterogeneous data, hard-to-acquire expertise, and significant computation by the user. Embeddings instead provide convenient representations, easily adaptable for downstream tasks, with minimal computation. We posit that Earth embeddings redefine geospatial analytics, transforming it from fragmented task-specific modeling into a coherent generalizable framework for AI. We approach this from both users’ and developers’ perspectives, outlining a path for how the rapidly developing technology of Earth embeddings can reshape the way we store, represent, and use geospatial data, evidenced by recent research charting initial directions. We call on Earth embedding users and developers to align methodological and applied development and deployment within an interdisciplinary open source community.