Mémoire spatialevignette|La mémoire spatiale est nécessaire pour naviguer dans un environnement. La mémoire spatiale est la partie de la mémoire d'un individu responsable de l'enregistrement des informations concernant l'espace environnant et l'orientation spatiale de l'individu dans celui-ci. La mémoire spatiale est ainsi requise pour la navigation spatiale dans un lieu connu, comme dans un quartier familier. Elle est étudiée en neuroscience (chez le rat) et en psychologie cognitive (chez l'homme).
Tumeur du cerveauvignette|Biopsie du cerveau vignette|Scanner du cerveau d'une fillette de 6 ans atteinte d'un médulloblastome (tumeur cérébrale la plus fréquente chez les enfants de moins de 2 ans). Les tumeurs cérébrales désignent l'ensemble des tumeurs, bénignes ou malignes, se développant dans le parenchyme cérébral. Elles surviennent par le développement anormal et désorganisé de divisions cellulaires, à partir soit d'une cellule du cerveau lui-même, soit d'une cellule métastatique exportée d'un cancer situé dans une autre partie du corps.
Context-dependent memoryIn psychology, context-dependent memory is the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. In a simpler manner, "when events are represented in memory, contextual information is stored along with memory targets; the context can therefore cue memories containing that contextual information". One particularly common example of context-dependence at work occurs when an individual has lost an item (e.g. lost car keys) in an unknown location.
Memory errorMemory gaps and errors refer to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of information in the memory system for a specific detail and/or event. Memory errors may include remembering events that never occurred, or remembering them differently from the way they actually happened. These errors or gaps can occur due to a number of different reasons, including the emotional involvement in the situation, expectations and environmental changes.
Visual agnosiaVisual agnosia is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or intellect. While cortical blindness results from lesions to primary visual cortex, visual agnosia is often due to damage to more anterior cortex such as the posterior occipital and/or temporal lobe(s) in the brain.[2] There are two types of visual agnosia: apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia. Recognition of visual objects occurs at two primary levels.
Emotion and memoryEmotion can have a powerful effect on humans and animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and error.
Large-scale brain networkLarge-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG. An emerging paradigm in neuroscience is that cognitive tasks are performed not by individual brain regions working in isolation but by networks consisting of several discrete brain regions that are said to be "functionally connected".
Plasticité neuronalevignette|Effets schématiques de la neuroplasticité après entraînement Plasticité neuronale, neuroplasticité ou encore plasticité cérébrale sont des termes génériques qui décrivent les mécanismes par lesquels le cerveau est capable de se modifier lors des processus de neurogenèse dès la phase embryonnaire ou lors d'apprentissages. Elle s’exprime par la capacité du cerveau de créer, défaire ou réorganiser les réseaux de neurones et les connexions de ces neurones. Le cerveau est ainsi qualifié de « plastique » ou de « malléable ».
Language processing in the brainIn psycholinguistics, language processing refers to the way humans use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed and understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the same grammatical understanding or systematicity in even human's closest primate relatives. Throughout the 20th century the dominant model for language processing in the brain was the Geschwind-Lichteim-Wernicke model, which is based primarily on the analysis of brain-damaged patients.
Baddeley's model of working memoryBaddeley's model of working memory is a model of human memory proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974, in an attempt to present a more accurate model of primary memory (often referred to as short-term memory). Working memory splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct. Baddeley & Hitch proposed their three-part working memory model as an alternative to the short-term store in Atkinson & Shiffrin's 'multi-store' memory model (1968).
DiscriminationLe mot discrimination vient du latin discriminis, qui signifie « séparation ». Action de distinguer, traiter, considérer, sélectionner des entités selon des critères spécifiques ou distinctifs. La discrimination sociale est un processus lié au fait d'opérer une distinction concernant une personne ou une catégorie sociale en créant des frontières dites « discriminantes », c'est-à-dire produisant un rejet visant à l'exclusion sociale sur des critères tels que l'origine sociale ou ethnique, la religion, le genre, le niveau de son intelligence, l'état de santé, etc.
Serial-position effectSerial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect).
