Relative likelihoodIn statistics, when selecting a statistical model for given data, the relative likelihood compares the relative plausibilities of different candidate models or of different values of a parameter of a single model. Assume that we are given some data x for which we have a statistical model with parameter θ. Suppose that the maximum likelihood estimate for θ is . Relative plausibilities of other θ values may be found by comparing the likelihoods of those other values with the likelihood of .
Autoregressive integrated moving averageIn statistics and econometrics, and in particular in time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. To better comprehend the data or to forecast upcoming series points, both of these models are fitted to time series data. ARIMA models are applied in some cases where data show evidence of non-stationarity in the sense of mean (but not variance/autocovariance), where an initial differencing step (corresponding to the "integrated" part of the model) can be applied one or more times to eliminate the non-stationarity of the mean function (i.
MéningococcieMeningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococcus). It has a high mortality rate if untreated but is vaccine-preventable. While best known as a cause of meningitis, it can also result in sepsis, which is an even more damaging and dangerous condition. Meningitis and meningococcemia are major causes of illness, death, and disability in both developed and under-developed countries.
Théorie des probabilitésLa théorie des probabilités en mathématiques est l'étude des phénomènes caractérisés par le hasard et l'incertitude. Elle forme avec la statistique les deux sciences du hasard qui sont partie intégrante des mathématiques. Les débuts de l'étude des probabilités correspondent aux premières observations du hasard dans les jeux ou dans les phénomènes climatiques par exemple. Bien que le calcul de probabilités sur des questions liées au hasard existe depuis longtemps, la formalisation mathématique n'est que récente.
Loi de probabilité à queue lourdevignette|Long tail. Dans la théorie des probabilités, une loi de probabilité à queue lourde est une loi de probabilité dont les queues ne sont pas exponentiellement bornées, ce qui signifie qu'elles ont des queues plus « lourdes » que la loi exponentielle. Dans de nombreuses applications, c'est la queue droite de la distribution qui est intéressante, mais une distribution peut avoir une queue lourde à gauche, ou les deux queues peuvent être lourdes.
ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
Linear least squaresLinear least squares (LLS) is the least squares approximation of linear functions to data. It is a set of formulations for solving statistical problems involved in linear regression, including variants for ordinary (unweighted), weighted, and generalized (correlated) residuals. Numerical methods for linear least squares include inverting the matrix of the normal equations and orthogonal decomposition methods. The three main linear least squares formulations are: Ordinary least squares (OLS) is the most common estimator.
Errors-in-variables modelsIn statistics, errors-in-variables models or measurement error models are regression models that account for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses. In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples.
Order theoryOrder theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic terms can be found in the order theory glossary. Orders are everywhere in mathematics and related fields like computer science. The first order often discussed in primary school is the standard order on the natural numbers e.
Fonction quantileEn probabilités, la fonction quantile est une fonction qui définit les quantiles. Soit X une variable aléatoire et F sa fonction de répartition, la fonction quantile est définie par pour toute valeur de , la notation désignant l’inverse généralisé à gauche de . Si F est une fonction strictement croissante et continue, alors est l'unique valeur de telle que . correspond alors à la fonction réciproque de , notée . En revanche, pour les lois discrètes, les fonctions de répartition sont toutes en escalier, d'où l'intérêt de la définition précédente.
