Generation III reactorGeneration III reactors, or Gen III reactors, are a class of nuclear reactors designed to succeed Generation II reactors, incorporating evolutionary improvements in design. These include improved fuel technology, higher thermal efficiency, significantly enhanced safety systems (including passive nuclear safety), and standardized designs intended to reduce maintenance and capital costs. They are promoted by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF).
Nuclear reactor physicsNuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy. Most nuclear reactors use a chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of nuclear fission in fissile material, releasing both energy and free neutrons.
Planar transmission linePlanar transmission lines are transmission lines with conductors, or in some cases dielectric (insulating) strips, that are flat, ribbon-shaped lines. They are used to interconnect components on printed circuits and integrated circuits working at microwave frequencies because the planar type fits in well with the manufacturing methods for these components. Transmission lines are more than simply interconnections.
Électrode auxiliairethumb|upright=1.4|Système à trois électrodes : 1) électrode de travail 2) électrode auxiliaire 3) électrode de référence. Une électrode auxiliaire est une électrode utilisée dans une cellule électrochimique à trois électrodes pour l'analyse voltamétrique ou d'autres réactions dans lesquelles un courant électrique est attendu.
Plasma parametersPlasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains. The behaviour of such particle systems can be studied statistically. All quantities are in Gaussian (cgs) units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.
Plasma propulsion engineA plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma. This is in contrast with ion thruster engines, which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the plasma source, which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes. These exist in many forms (see electric propulsion). However, in the scientific literature, the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually designated as "ion engines".
Champ magnétiqueEn physique, dans le domaine de l'électromagnétisme, le champ magnétique est une grandeur ayant le caractère d'un champ vectoriel, c'est-à-dire caractérisée par la donnée d'une norme, d’une direction et d’un sens, définie en tout point de l'espace et permettant de modéliser et quantifier les effets magnétiques du courant électrique ou des matériaux magnétiques comme les aimants permanents.
Surface chargeA surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge.
Surface waveIn physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves. Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities. Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves. Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants.
PotentialPotential generally refers to a currently unrealized ability. The term is used in a wide variety of fields, from physics to the social sciences to indicate things that are in a state where they are able to change in ways ranging from the simple release of energy by objects to the realization of abilities in people. The philosopher Aristotle incorporated this concept into his theory of potentiality and actuality, a pair of closely connected principles which he used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, and De Anima, which is about the human psyche.
Courants de FoucaultOn appelle courants de Foucault (Eddy currents) les courants électriques créés dans une masse conductrice, soit par la variation au cours du temps d'un champ magnétique extérieur traversant ce milieu (le flux du champ à travers le milieu), soit par un déplacement de cette masse dans un champ magnétique. Ils sont une conséquence de l'induction électromagnétique. Les courants de Foucault sont responsables d'une partie des pertes (dites pertes par courants de Foucault) dans les circuits magnétiques des machines électriques alternatives et des transformateurs.
Électrode standard à hydrogènevignette|Construction d'une électrode à hydrogène standard : 1. Électrodes en platine avec revêtement en poudre de platine, 2. Alimentation en hydrogène, 3. Solution acide (H = ), 4. Piège à eau pour empêcher l'accès à l'oxygène dans l'air, 5. Connexion à la deuxième électrode de l'élément galvanique à former, dont le potentiel est mesuré. L'électrode standard à hydrogène (ESH) est l'électrode de référence absolue. Elle ne peut être réalisée en pratique. La réalisation pratique de l'ESH est l'électrode normale à hydrogène ou ENH.
