Transcription (biologie)En biologie moléculaire, la transcription est la première étape de l'expression génique basée sur l'ADN, au cours de laquelle un segment particulier d'ADN est « copié » en ARN par une enzyme appelée ARN polymérase. Chez les eucaryotes, la transcription se déroule dans le noyau des cellules. Certains types d'ARN appélés « ARN non codants » n'ont pas vocation à être traduits en protéines et peuvent jouer un rôle régulateur ou structurel (par exemple les ARN ribosomiques).
Molecular pathological epidemiologyMolecular pathological epidemiology (MPE, also molecular pathologic epidemiology) is a discipline combining epidemiology and pathology. It is defined as "epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease". Pathology and epidemiology share the same goal of elucidating etiology of disease, and MPE aims to achieve this goal at molecular, individual and population levels. Typically, MPE utilizes tissue pathology resources and data within existing epidemiology studies.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Spatiotemporal gene expressionSpatiotemporal gene expression is the activation of genes within specific tissues of an organism at specific times during development. Gene activation patterns vary widely in complexity. Some are straightforward and static, such as the pattern of tubulin, which is expressed in all cells at all times in life. Some, on the other hand, are extraordinarily intricate and difficult to predict and model, with expression fluctuating wildly from minute to minute or from cell to cell.
Membrane estrogen receptorMembrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Putative mERs include membrane-associated ERα (mERα) and ERβ (mERβ), GPER (GPR30), GPRC6A, ER-X, ERx and Gq-mER. The mERs have been reviewed.
BévacizumabLe bévacizumab est le premier anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire (en Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ou VEGF). Il a été développé par le laboratoire de Napoleone Ferrara au sein de Genentech. C'est un inhibiteur de l'angiogenèse, qui ralentit la croissance de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins. Il est commercialisé sous le nom d'Avastin par les laboratoires Roche, dans le traitement contre certains cancers en 2004 : le cancer colorectal, les cancers du poumon, du sein, du rein et de l'ovaire et le glioblastome.
Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Selective estrogen receptor modulatorSelective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonist/antagonists (ERAAs), are a class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor (ER). A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure ER agonists and antagonists (that is, full agonists and silent antagonists) is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.
Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription.
PathologieLa pathologie est la science qui a pour objet l'étude des maladies, notamment de leurs causes (étiologie) et de leurs mécanismes (physiopathologie). La nosologie, quant à elle, a pour objet la classification des maladies. La pathologie cardiaque est ainsi l'étude des maladies du cœur. Selon le type d'être vivant étudié, on distingue : pour les plantes, la pathologie végétale ; pour les animaux, la pathologie animale ; pour l'Homme, la pathologie humaine. La pathologie humaine est une spécialité médicale.
Immunité humoraleL'immunité humorale, ou immunité à médiation humorale, est l'immunité adaptative par production d'anticorps. Cette réponse immunitaire se compose de quatre grandes étapes : la reconnaissance de l'antigène et une sélection clonale, la prolifération clonale, la différenciation des lymphocytes B en plasmocytes et la formation de complexe immun pour neutraliser l'antigène. Reconnaissance de l'antigène et sélection clonale : le lymphocyte B étant capable de reconnaître la molécule étrangère sera sélectionné et cette sélection va provoquer l'activation des lymphocytes B.
