Sélection négative (sélection naturelle)Dans la sélection naturelle, la sélection négative ou la sélection purifiante est l'élimination sélective des allèles délétères. Cela peut stabiliser la sélection par la purge des polymorphismes génétiques délétères qui résultent de mutations aléatoires. La purge des allèles délétères peut être réalisée au niveau de la génétique des populations, ne nécessitant pas plus d'une seule mutation ponctuelle comme l'unité de sélection.
Séquençage de l'ADNcadre|Résultat du séquençage par la méthode de Sanger. L'ordre de chaque bande indique la position d'un nucléotide A,T,C ou G Le séquençage de l'ADN consiste à déterminer l'ordre d'enchaînement des nucléotides pour un fragment d’ADN donné. La séquence d’ADN contient l’information nécessaire aux êtres vivants pour survivre et se reproduire. Déterminer cette séquence est donc utile aussi bien pour les recherches visant à savoir comment vivent les organismes que pour des sujets appliqués.
Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Disruptive selectionDisruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. In this more individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve. Natural selection is known to be one of the most important biological processes behind evolution.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Genetic variationGenetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species. The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, contribute to it, as well. Genetic variation can be identified at many levels. Identifying genetic variation is possible from observations of phenotypic variation in either quantitative traits (traits that vary continuously and are coded for by many genes (e.
Phénotypealt=Trois photos de fleurs de pétunia, chaque fleur étant colorée différemment|vignette|Variation phénotypique de la couleur des fleurs chez le pétunia. En génétique, le phénotype est l'ensemble des traits observables d'un organisme. Très souvent, l'usage de ce terme est plus restrictif : le phénotype est alors considéré au niveau d'un seul caractère, à l'échelle cellulaire ou encore moléculaire. L'ensemble des phénotypes observables chez les individus d'une espèce donnée est parfois appelé le phénome.
Genetic associationGenetic association is when one or more genotypes within a population co-occur with a phenotypic trait more often than would be expected by chance occurrence. Studies of genetic association aim to test whether single-locus alleles or genotype frequencies or more generally, multilocus haplotype frequencies differ between two groups of individuals usually diseased subjects and healthy controls). Genetic association studies are based on the principle that genotypes can be compared "directly", i.e.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Massive parallel sequencingMassive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or second-generation sequencing. Some of these technologies emerged between 1993 and 1998 and have been commercially available since 2005. These technologies use miniaturized and parallelized platforms for sequencing of 1 million to 43 billion short reads (50 to 400 bases each) per instrument run.
Phylogénétique moléculairevignette|Séquençage moléculaire La phylogénétique moléculaire est l'utilisation de séquences de macromolécules biologiques pour obtenir des informations sur l'histoire évolutive des organismes vivants, et notamment sur leurs liens de parenté (leur phylogénie). C'est un important outil d'étude parmi ceux de l'évolution moléculaire. Le produit d'une analyse de phylogénétique moléculaire est soit un arbre phylogénétique, soit un graphe du réseau phylogénétique.
