Double-slit experimentIn modern physics, the double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter can satisfy the seemingly-incongruous classical definitions for both waves and particles, which is considered evidence for the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. This type of experiment was first performed by Thomas Young in 1801, as a demonstration of the wave behavior of visible light. At that time it was thought that light consisted of either waves or particles.
Physical propertyA physical property is any property that is measurable, involved in the state of a physical system, whose value represents the intensity on the object's state and behavior. The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states. A quantifiable physical property is called physical quantity. Measurable physical quantities are often referred to as observables. Physical properties are often characterized as intensive and extensive properties.
InterférenceEn mécanique ondulatoire, les interférences sont la combinaison de deux ondes susceptibles d'interagir. Ce phénomène apparaît souvent en optique avec les ondes lumineuses, mais il s'obtient également avec des ondes électromagnétiques d'autres longueurs d'onde, ou avec d'autres types d'ondes comme des ondes sonores. À savoir aussi, le phénomène d'interférence se produit uniquement lors de la combinaison de deux ondes de même fréquence. L' onde se modélise par une fonction , étant la position dans l'espace et t étant le temps.
Processus stochastiqueUn processus ou processus aléatoire (voir Calcul stochastique) ou fonction aléatoire (voir Probabilité) représente une évolution, discrète ou à temps continu, d'une variable aléatoire. Celle-ci intervient dans le calcul classique des probabilités, où elle mesure chaque résultat possible (ou réalisation) d'une épreuve. Cette notion se généralise à plusieurs dimensions. Un cas particulier important, le champ aléatoire de Markov, est utilisé en analyse spatiale.
Decision analysisDecision analysis (DA) is the discipline comprising the philosophy, methodology, and professional practice necessary to address important decisions in a formal manner. Decision analysis includes many procedures, methods, and tools for identifying, clearly representing, and formally assessing important aspects of a decision; for prescribing a recommended course of action by applying the maximum expected-utility axiom to a well-formed representation of the decision; and for translating the formal representation of a decision and its corresponding recommendation into insight for the decision maker, and other corporate and non-corporate stakeholders.
Programme ConstellationLe programme Constellation (, souvent abrégé en CxP) est un programme d'exploration spatiale de la NASA annulé en 2010, dont le principal objectif est l'envoi d'astronautes sur la Lune vers 2020 pour des missions de longue durée. Ce programme concrétise la stratégie spatiale américaine à long terme définie par le président George W. Bush en intitulé Vision for Space Exploration visant à relancer l'exploration du Système solaire par des missions habitées.
Decision ruleIn decision theory, a decision rule is a function which maps an observation to an appropriate action. Decision rules play an important role in the theory of statistics and economics, and are closely related to the concept of a strategy in game theory. In order to evaluate the usefulness of a decision rule, it is necessary to have a loss function detailing the outcome of each action under different states. Given an observable random variable X over the probability space , determined by a parameter θ ∈ Θ, and a set A of possible actions, a (deterministic) decision rule is a function δ : → A.
Corps (entité)In common usage and classical mechanics, a physical object or physical body (or simply an object or body) is a collection of matter within a defined contiguous boundary in three-dimensional space. The boundary surface must be defined and identified by the properties of the material, although it may change over time. The boundary is usually the visible or tangible surface of the object. The matter in the object is constrained (to a greater or lesser degree) to move as one object.
In situIn situ est une locution latine qui signifie sur place ; elle est utilisée en général pour désigner une opération ou un phénomène observé sur place, à l'endroit où il se déroule (sans le prélever ni le déplacer), par opposition à ex situ. L'expression comporte des significations spécifiques dans des contextes très divers. En art contemporain, in situ désigne une méthode artistique ou une œuvre qui prend en compte le lieu où elle est installée. La conservation in situ désigne une pratique de conservation du patrimoine (peintures, sculptures.
Climate change scenarioClimate change scenarios or socioeconomic scenarios are projections of future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions used by analysts to assess future vulnerability to climate change. Scenarios and pathways are created by scientists to survey any long term routes and explore the effectiveness of mitigation and helps us understand what the future may hold this will allow us to envision the future of human environment system. Producing scenarios requires estimates of future population levels, economic activity, the structure of governance, social values, and patterns of technological change.
Decision-making softwareDecision-making software (DM software) is software for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options. An early example of DM software was described in 1973. Before the advent of the World Wide Web, most DM software was spreadsheet-based, with the first web-based DM software appearing in the mid-1990s. Nowadays, many DM software products (mostly web-based) are available – e.g.
Frequentist inferenceFrequentist inference is a type of statistical inference based in frequentist probability, which treats “probability” in equivalent terms to “frequency” and draws conclusions from sample-data by means of emphasizing the frequency or proportion of findings in the data. Frequentist-inference underlies frequentist statistics, in which the well-established methodologies of statistical hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are founded. The primary formulation of frequentism stems from the presumption that statistics could be perceived to have been a probabilistic frequency.
