Investigating the disturbance in cortical glutamate and GABA function in psychosis and its origins and consequences

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Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome most commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease, characterized by progressive visuospatial and visuoperceptual decline. Although voxel-based morphometry studies have described gray matter loss in PCA, a comprehensive and updated coordinate-based meta-analysis is still missing, and associated structural connectivity alterations remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies co

Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders are leading causes of disease burden in middle-aged and older adults. We aimed to quantified and estimated the temporal and spatial characteristics of individual and concurrent burden of dementia with eight mental disorders worldwide. Our findings revealed that although a trend of decreased prevalence and incidence of dementia was observed in most regions over the past 31 years, dementia demonstrated greater comorbidity burden of neurodevelopmental disorders

Background Minor hallucinations (MH) affect 30–60% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and are considered precursors to structured visual hallucinations and cognitive decline. While the link between structured visual hallucinations and dementia is well established, the neuropsychological correlates of MH in PD remain unclear; most studies finding no significant cognitive differences between patients with MH and those without any hallucinations. Objectives Presence hallucinations (PH) being among the

Alzheimer’s disease is marked by cognitive and memory impairment, with early disruptions in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, thought to be closely linked to co-occurrent brain changes. The posterior-to-anterior hypothesis posits that functional neurodegeneration begins in critical areas of the default mode network, particularly the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex, before extending to more anterior brain regions. This study seeks to evaluate how cortical hierarchy,

Aging leads to progressive changes in brain metabolism, structure, and function, resulting in declines in motor performance. These changes include reduced cortical inhibition, impaired brain structure, and altered functional connectivity. Consequently, older adults often experience diminished motor ability, postural instability, and increased fall risk, which can negatively affect their quality of life. However, emerging evidence shows that motor learning, such as balance and strength training, can promote

Macroautophagy/autophagy was previously shown to play a critical role in the hippocampus for memory formation, with age-related autophagy deficits being further linked to cognitive decline. However, the neuronal subtypes where autophagy is required to form new memories remain unknown. Given the well-established role of PVALB (parvalbumin) interneurons in hippocampus-dependent memory formation and consolidation, we examined whether autophagy in these cells is required for such complex behaviors. We show that

Introduction: Electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates are on-going scalp potential configurations that remain stable for around 80 ms (1). Four recurrent and dominant classes of microstates (labeled A-D) are observed in resting-state EEG, explaining around 65-84 % of the global variance of the data (2). Several studies have reported abnormalities in the dynamics of EEG microstates in schizophrenia patients (3). Similar abnormalities have also been observed in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a pop

The doping of the honeycomb lattice compound Na2IrO3 with cations having smaller ionic radius such as lithium was supposed to drive the system into a Kitaev spin liquid phase. Even at the smallest doping level the long range magnetic order, present in the ...

How can we investigate the brain mechanisms underlying self-consciousness? Recent behavioural studies on multisensory bodily perception have shown that multisensory conflicts can alter bodily self-consciousness such as in the "full body illusion" (FBI) in which changes in self-identification with a virtual body and tactile perception are induced. Here we investigated whether experimental changes in self-identification during the FBI are accompanied by activity changes in somatosensory cortex by recording so

The transverse relaxation rates R (2) = 1/T (2) of protons can be determined by spin-echo sequences with multiple refocusing pulses using moderate radio-frequency field strengths and properly chosen inter-pulse delays so as to suppress echo modulations due to homonuclear scalar couplings. Combination with 2D heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) allows one to measure R (2) of arbitrary protons attached to nitrogen-15 or carbon-13 nuclei. Decays of six amide protons in the protein Ubiquitin that is n

Real-time monitoring of glutamate, being the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, is of utmost importance for understanding the functioning of the central nervous system. Since expected concentrations and its variation in the brain are in the range of 0.5 to 5 μM and interfering substances are present, constraints on the sensitivity and selectivity of the dedicated biosensors are challenging. Moreover, their size determines the spatial resolution of the measurement and tissue damage during insertion and rem

Normal course of cortical maturation has been evidenced for many years through gray matter volume measurements and abnormal gray matter volumes have frequently been reported as a part of a pathological brain development in neurogenetic or psychiatric disorders. The pathogenic processes underlying abnormal gray matter volume are not yet well understood, as either altered cortical thickness or a defect in cortical expansion may decrease cortical volume. Resolving this issue may provide clues for localizing th

Glutamate uptake into astrocytes and the resulting increase in intracellular Na+ (Na+(i)) have been identified as a key signal coupling excitatory neuronal activity to increased glucose utilization. Arguments based mostly on mathematical modeling led to the conclusion that physiological concentrations of glutamate more than double astrocytic Na+/K+-ATPase activity, which should proportionally increase its ATP hydrolysis rate. This hypothesis was tested in the present study by fluorescence monitoring of free

A correlation-based (

Hebbian'') learning rule at the spike level is formulated, mathematically analyzed, and compared with learning in a firing-rate description. As for spike coding, we take advantage of a

learning window'' that describes the effect of timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes on synaptic weights. A differential equation for the learning dynamics is derived under the assumption that the time scales of learning and spiking dynamics can be separated. Formation of structured synapses is analy

The transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-beta and -delta are key regulators for the expression of the acute phase genes in the liver, such as complement component C3 and antichymotrypsin. In the brain, these acute phase proteins are produced in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines by the reactive astrocytes, in particular those surrounding the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease brains. Here we show that lipopolysaccharides (LPS), IL-1beta, and TNFalpha induce the expression of

The application of a computer-assisted structure elucidation expert system, CISOC-SES, leading to the unequivocal 1H, 13C and NOE resonance assignment of betulinic acid, a biol. active triterpenoid with complicated NMR resonances, is described. The procedure consists of peak picking that is independent of background information, systematic interpretation of connectivity information from 2D NMR into bond constraints and resonance assignment based on the proposed structure. De novo structure generation based

A method was developed for measuring the rise and fall curves corresponding to selected peaks in NOESY spectrum. When applied to a std. two-dimensional NOESY spectrum, this technique gives result the resoln. of which is similar to that of the three-dimensional method. The proposed pulse sequence was demonstrated on spectra of some oligonucleotides. [on SciFinder (R)]

The generation of nuclear magnetic double quantum echoes and their detection by 2-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy is reported for partially aligned 1-deuteron systems in a nematic liq. crystal. Phase-cycling techniques which suppress detection of unwanted coherences were developed, and the transverse decay rates of double quantum coherences agree quant. with relaxation results obtained by more conventional methods. [on SciFinder (R)]

Investigating the disturbance in cortical glutamate and GABA function in psychosis and its origins and consequences

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Gray matter atrophy and structural connectivity in Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A voxel-based meta-analysis

Global, regional, and national individual and concurrent burden of dementia and mental disorders

Frontal subcortical executive dysfunction and minor hallucinations in Parkinson's disease are linked to sensitivity to somatomotor conflicts

Unveiling paths to Alzheimer’s disease: excitation-inhibition ratio shapes hierarchical dynamics

Motor Learning and Neural Plasticity in the Aging Brain: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Approach

Autophagy regulates PVALB (parvalbumin) interneuron excitability and memory

EEG microstates and the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence for compensation mechanisms

Spiral magnetic phase in Li-doped Na2IrO3

Early and late activity in somatosensory cortex reflects changes in bodily self-consciousness: An evoked potential study

Transverse Relaxation of Scalar Coupled Protons in Magnetic Resonance of Non-Deuterated Proteins

Selective Glutamate Biosensor Arrays Integrated on Silicon Microprobes for In vivo Brain Recordings

Determinants of cortical gray matter volume: hypothesis based on developmental cohorts with normal and abnormal cortical morphology

Relationship between L-glutamate-regulated intracellular Na+ dynamics and ATP hydrolysis in astrocytes

Hebbian learning and spiking neurons

Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the transcription factors C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta in astrocytes

Computer-assisted structure elucidation: application of CISOC-SES to the resonance assignment and structure generation of betulinic acid

Selective Measurement of the Time‐Dependence of Transient Overhauser Effects in Magnetic Resonance: Applications to Oligonucleotides

Multiple quantum spin-echo spectroscopy