Basal ganglia diseaseBasal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function. Research indicates that increased output of the basal ganglia inhibits thalamocortical projection neurons. Proper activation or deactivation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement.
MicrotubuleLes microtubules (MT) sont des fibres constitutives du cytosquelette, au même titre que les microfilaments d'actine et que les filaments intermédiaires. Ils ont un diamètre d'environ 25 nm et une longueur variable du fait de leur dynamique, conséquence de l'équilibre polymérisation ↔ dépolymérisation dans lequel chacune de leurs deux extrémités sont les sièges. Les microtubules sont ancrés sur le centrosome et le matériel péricentriolaire; ils irradient dans tout le cytoplasme.
SynaptogenèseLa synaptogenèse est la formation des synapses. Bien qu'elle se produise tout au long de la durée de vie d'une personne saine, une explosion de la formation des synapses se produit au cours du développement précoce du cerveau. On prend pour exemple la mise en place de la jonction neuromusculaire. Tout d'abord, il doit y avoir une reconnaissance par les terminaisons axonales des cellules cibles avec lesquelles la jonction doit se faire.
Base (phylogénétique)In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa. While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in taxonomic rank, species diversity, or both.
Neural decodingNeural decoding is a neuroscience field concerned with the hypothetical reconstruction of sensory and other stimuli from information that has already been encoded and represented in the brain by networks of neurons. Reconstruction refers to the ability of the researcher to predict what sensory stimuli the subject is receiving based purely on neuron action potentials. Therefore, the main goal of neural decoding is to characterize how the electrical activity of neurons elicit activity and responses in the brain.
Système nerveux autonomeLe système nerveux autonome aussi appelé système nerveux végétatif est la partie du système nerveux périphérique responsable des fonctions non soumises au contrôle volontaire. Il contrôle notamment les muscles lisses (digestion, vascularisation...), les muscles cardiaques, la majorité des glandes exocrines (digestion, sudation...) et certaines glandes endocrines. Le système nerveux autonome contient des neurones périphériques mais aussi centraux.
Alpha motor neuronAlpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles. While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Post-growthPost-growth is a stance on economic growth concerning the limits-to-growth dilemma — recognition that, on a planet of finite material resources, extractive economies and populations cannot grow infinitely. The term "post-growth" acknowledges that economic growth can generate beneficial effects up to a point, but beyond that point (cited as $25,000 GDP/capita by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett in their book The Spirit Level) it is necessary to look for other indicators and techniques to increase human wellbeing.
Non-spiking neuronNon-spiking neurons are neurons that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems and function as intermediary relays for sensory-motor neurons. They do not exhibit the characteristic spiking behavior of action potential generating neurons. Non-spiking neural networks are integrated with spiking neural networks to have a synergistic effect in being able to stimulate some sensory or motor response while also being able to modulate the response.
Potentiel d'actionvignette|Le déplacement d'un potentiel d'action le long d'un axone, modifie la polarité de la membrane cellulaire. Les canaux ioniques sodium Na+ et potassium K+ voltage-dépendants s'ouvrent puis se ferment quand la membrane atteint le potentiel seuil, en réponse à un signal en provenance d'un autre neurone. À l'initiation du potentiel d'action, le canal Na+ s'ouvre et le Na+ extracellulaire rentre dans l'axone, provoquant une dépolarisation. Ensuite la repolarisation se produit lorsque le canal K+ s'ouvre et le K+ intracellulaire sort de l'axone.
Développement prénatalLe développement prénatal (ou développement anténatal) est l'ensemble des processus biologiques allant de la fécondation jusqu'à la naissance, durant lequel l'individu se développe. Le développement prénatal se divise en deux à trois périodes : la période germinale la période embryonnaire chez certains taxons existe une période post-embryonnaire appelée période fœtale L'individu, produit de la conception, est respectivement appelé durant ces périodes , embryon puis fœtus. Diagnostic prénatal Embryogenèse T
