Distal radius fractureA distal radius fracture, also known as wrist fracture, is a break of the part of the radius bone which is close to the wrist. Symptoms include pain, bruising, and rapid-onset swelling. The ulna bone may also be broken. In younger people, these fractures typically occur during sports or a motor vehicle collision. In older people, the most common cause is falling on an outstretched hand. Specific types include Colles, Smith, Barton, and Chauffeur's fractures. The diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with X-rays.
Pathologic fractureA pathologic fracture is a bone fracture caused by weakness of the bone structure that leads to decrease mechanical resistance to normal mechanical loads. This process is most commonly due to osteoporosis, but may also be due to other pathologies such as cancer, infection (such as osteomyelitis), inherited bone disorders, or a bone cyst. Only a small number of conditions are commonly responsible for pathological fractures, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, Osteitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, benign bone tumours and cysts, secondary malignant bone tumours and primary malignant bone tumours.
État de surface (mécanique)En mécanique, l'état de surface est un élément de cotation d'une pièce indiquant la fonction, la rugosité, et l'aspect des surfaces usinées. En Spécification Géométrique des Produits (GPS), on distingue seize fonctions principales que peut remplir la surface d'une pièce mécanique : Surface de contact avec une autre pièce : frottement de glissement lubrifié (FG) ; frottement à sec (FS) ; frottement de roulement (FR) ; frottement fluide (FF) ; résistance au matage (RM) ; étanchéité dynamique avec ou sans joint (ED) ; étanchéité statique avec ou sans joint (ES) ; ajustement fixe avec contrainte (AC) ; adhérence, collage (AD).
Specific strengthThe specific strength is a material's (or muscle's) strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-weight ratio or strength/weight ratio or strength-to-mass ratio. In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength. The SI unit for specific strength is Pa⋅m3/kg, or N⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m2/s2, though the latter form is rarely used.
Fracture de fatiguevignette|Les fractures de fatigue ne sont pas exclusives aux humains : Allosaurus fragilis est le dinosaure sur lequel on en a trouvé le plus, selon une étude de 2001 Une fracture de stress ou de fatigue est un type de fracture incomplète des os causée par un stress répété ou inhabituel. Ce type de fracture peut être décrit comme une fine fissure d'un os. C'est une blessure sportive fréquente, particulièrement pour les personnes en excellente condition physique.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Carotte (échantillon)Une carotte (core, ou core sample en anglais) est un échantillon cylindrique d'une substance. La plupart des carottes sont obtenues en forant avec des forets spéciaux dans la substance, par exemple dans les sédiments ou la roche, avec un tube d'acier creux appelé carottier. Il existe différents types de carottiers permettant d'échantillonner différents milieux dans différentes conditions. Lors du processus de carottage, l'échantillon est poussé plus ou moins intact dans le tube.
Loi de Hall-PetchIn materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain has an effect on how stress builds up in the adjacent grain, which will eventually activate dislocation sources and thus enabling deformation in the neighbouring grain as well.
Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
Fracturation hydrauliqueLa fracturation hydraulique est la dislocation ciblée de formations géologiques peu perméables par le moyen de l'injection sous très haute pression d'un fluide destiné à fissurer et microfissurer la roche. Cette fracturation peut être pratiquée à proximité de la surface, ou à grande profondeur (à plus de , voire à plus de dans le cas du gaz de schiste), et à partir de puits verticaux, inclinés ou horizontaux.
Correlation coefficientA correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables. The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations, often called a sample, or two components of a multivariate random variable with a known distribution. Several types of correlation coefficient exist, each with their own definition and own range of usability and characteristics. They all assume values in the range from −1 to +1, where ±1 indicates the strongest possible agreement and 0 the strongest possible disagreement.
TomodensitométrieLa tomodensitométrie (TDM), dite aussi scanographie, tomographie axiale calculée par ordinateur (TACO), CT-scan (CT : computed tomography), CAT-scan (CAT : computer-assisted tomography), ou simplement scanner ou scanneur pour l'appareil, est une technique d' qui consiste à mesurer l'absorption des rayons X par les tissus puis, par traitement informatique, à numériser et enfin reconstruire des images 2D ou 3D des structures anatomiques.
