A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" is a paper by James Clerk Maxwell on electromagnetism, published in 1865. In the paper, Maxwell derives an electromagnetic wave equation with a velocity for light in close agreement with measurements made by experiment, and deduces that light is an electromagnetic wave. Following standard procedure for the time, the paper was first read to the Royal Society on 8 December 1864, having been sent by Maxwell to the society on 27 October.
Transformation de LaplaceEn mathématiques, la transformation de Laplace est une transformation intégrale qui à une fonction f — définie sur les réels positifs et à valeurs réelles — associe une nouvelle fonction F — définie sur les complexes et à valeurs complexes — dite transformée de Laplace de f. L'intérêt de la transformation de Laplace vient de la conjonction des deux faits suivants : De nombreuses opérations courantes sur la fonction originale f se traduisent par une opération algébrique sur la transformée F.
Transformation de HilbertEn mathématiques et en traitement du signal, la transformation de Hilbert, ici notée , d'une fonction de la variable réelle est une transformation linéaire qui permet d'étendre un signal réel dans le domaine complexe, de sorte qu'il vérifie les équations de Cauchy-Riemann. La transformation de Hilbert tient son nom en honneur du mathématicien David Hilbert, mais fut principalement développée par le mathématicien anglais G. H. Hardy.
Oil immersionIn light microscopy, oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope. This is achieved by immersing both the objective lens and the specimen in a transparent oil of high refractive index, thereby increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens. Without oil, light waves reflect off the slide specimen through the glass cover slip, through the air, and into the microscope lens (see the colored figure to the right).
Computational complexityIn computer science, the computational complexity or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required to run it. Particular focus is given to computation time (generally measured by the number of needed elementary operations) and memory storage requirements. The complexity of a problem is the complexity of the best algorithms that allow solving the problem. The study of the complexity of explicitly given algorithms is called analysis of algorithms, while the study of the complexity of problems is called computational complexity theory.
Angular momentum of lightThe angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning, or "twisting) around its own axis. This rotation, while not visible to the naked eye, can be revealed by the interaction of the light beam with matter. There are two distinct forms of rotation of a light beam, one involving its polarization and the other its wavefront shape.
Transformation en ZLa transformation en Z est un outil mathématique de l'automatique et du traitement du signal, qui est l'équivalent discret de la transformation de Laplace. Elle transforme un signal réel du domaine temporel en un signal représenté par une série complexe et appelé transformée en Z. Elle est utilisée entre autres pour le calcul de filtres numériques à réponse impulsionnelle infinie et en automatique pour modéliser des systèmes dynamiques de manière discrète.
Orbital angular momentum of lightThe orbital angular momentum of light (OAM) is the component of angular momentum of a light beam that is dependent on the field spatial distribution, and not on the polarization. It can be further split into an internal and an external OAM. The internal OAM is an origin-independent angular momentum of a light beam that can be associated with a helical or twisted wavefront. The external OAM is the origin-dependent angular momentum that can be obtained as cross product of the light beam position (center of the beam) and its total linear momentum.
Polarisation (optique)La polarisation est une propriété qu'ont les ondes vectorielles (ondes qui peuvent osciller selon plus d'une orientation) de présenter une répartition privilégiée de l'orientation des vibrations qui les composent. Les ondes électromagnétiques, telles que la lumière, ou les ondes gravitationnelles ont ainsi des propriétés de polarisation. Les ondes mécaniques transverses dans les solides peuvent aussi être polarisées. Cependant, les ondes longitudinales (telles que les ondes sonores) ne sont pas concernées.
Optical sectioningOptical sectioning is the process by which a suitably designed microscope can produce clear images of focal planes deep within a thick sample. This is used to reduce the need for thin sectioning using instruments such as the microtome. Many different techniques for optical sectioning are used and several microscopy techniques are specifically designed to improve the quality of optical sectioning. Good optical sectioning, often referred to as good depth or z resolution, is popular in modern microscopy as it allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of a sample from images captured at different focal planes.
