Langage de programmation de bas niveauvignette|Language de programmation Un langage de programmation de bas niveau ne fournit que peu d'abstraction par rapport au jeu d'instructions du processeur de la machine. Les langages de bas niveau sont à opposer aux langages de haut niveau, qui permettent de créer un programme sans tenir compte des caractéristiques particulières (registres, etc) de l'ordinateur censé exécuter le programme. Le langage machine et le langage d'assemblage sont les archétypes de langages de bas niveau, puisqu'ils permettent de manipuler explicitement des registres, des adresses mémoires, des instructions machines.
Concurrency (computer science)In computer science, concurrency is the ability of different parts or units of a program, algorithm, or problem to be executed out-of-order or in partial order, without affecting the outcome. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems. In more technical terms, concurrency refers to the decomposability of a program, algorithm, or problem into order-independent or partially-ordered components or units of computation.
Database transactionA database transaction symbolizes a unit of work, performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure.
Natural-language programmingNatural-language programming (NLP) is an ontology-assisted way of programming in terms of natural-language sentences, e.g. English. A structured document with Content, sections and subsections for explanations of sentences forms a NLP document, which is actually a computer program. Natural language programming is not to be mixed up with natural language interfacing or voice control where a program is first written and then communicated with through natural language using an interface added on.
Semiconductor intellectual property coreIn electronic design, a semiconductor intellectual property core (SIP core), IP core, or IP block is a reusable unit of logic, cell, or integrated circuit layout design that is the intellectual property of one party. IP cores can be licensed to another party or owned and used by a single party. The term comes from the licensing of the patent or source code copyright that exists in the design. Designers of system on chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and systems of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic can use IP cores as building blocks.
Intel CoreIntel Core is a line of streamlined midrange consumer, workstation and enthusiast computer central processing units (CPUs) marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors at the time of their introduction, moving the Pentium to the entry level. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets. The lineup of Core processors includes the Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7, and Intel Core i9, along with the X-series of Intel Core CPUs.
Dataflow programmingIn computer programming, dataflow programming is a programming paradigm that models a program as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations, thus implementing dataflow principles and architecture. Dataflow programming languages share some features of functional languages, and were generally developed in order to bring some functional concepts to a language more suitable for numeric processing. Some authors use the term datastream instead of dataflow to avoid confusion with dataflow computing or dataflow architecture, based on an indeterministic machine paradigm.
Application virtualizationApplication virtualization is a software technology that encapsulates computer programs from the underlying operating system on which they are executed. A fully virtualized application is not installed in the traditional sense, although it is still executed as if it were. The application behaves at runtime like it is directly interfacing with the original operating system and all the resources managed by it, but can be isolated or sandboxed to varying degrees.
Multiversion Concurrency ControlMultiversion concurrency control (abrégé en MCC ou MVCC) est une méthode informatique de contrôle des accès concurrents fréquemment utilisée dans les systèmes de gestion de base de données et les langages de programmation concernant la gestion des caches en mémoire. Le principe de MVCC repose sur un verrouillage dit optimiste contrairement au verrouillage pessimiste qui consiste à bloquer préalablement les objets à des garanties de bonne fin. L'inconvénient logique est qu'une mise à jour peut être annulée du fait d'un "blocage" en fin de traitement.
Common Language Runtime(CLR) est le nom choisi par Microsoft pour le composant de machine virtuelle du framework .NET. Il s'agit de l'implémentation par Microsoft du standard Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) qui définit l'environnement d'exécution des codes de programmes. Le CLR fait tourner une sorte de bytecode nommé Common Intermediate Language (CIL). Le compilateur à la volée transforme le code CIL en code natif spécifique au système d'exploitation. Le CLR fonctionne sur des systèmes d'exploitation Microsoft Windows.
Exécution (informatique)En informatique, l'exécution est le processus par lequel un ordinateur ou une machine virtuelle met en œuvre les instructions d'un programme. Les instructions du programme entraînent des séquences d'actions élémentaires sur la machine d'exécution. Les effets qu'entraînent ces actions sont conformes à la sémantique des instructions du programme. Un programme en cours d'exécution est appelé un processus. L’exécution symbolique permet d'explorer les chemins d'exécution possibles d'un programme informatique à partir des symboles contenus dans son code source.
Intel MICXeon Phi was a series of x86 manycore processors designed and made by Intel. It was intended for use in supercomputers, servers, and high-end workstations. Its architecture allowed use of standard programming languages and application programming interfaces (APIs) such as OpenMP. Xeon Phi launched in 2010. Since it was originally based on an earlier GPU design (codenamed "Larrabee") by Intel that was cancelled in 2009, it shared application areas with GPUs.
