Positive airway pressurePositive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (neonates), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for tracheal intubation, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with neuromuscular diseases use this variety of ventilation as well.
Syndrome d'apnées du sommeilLe syndrome d'apnées du sommeil (« SAS ») ou plus précisément syndrome d'apnées-hypopnées du sommeil (« SAHS ») est un trouble du sommeil caractérisé par un arrêt du flux respiratoire (apnée) ou une diminution de ce flux (hypopnée). Ses causes sont diverses mais peuvent être classées en deux catégories : dans 90 % des cas elles sont obstructives et le résultat d'une obésité. On parlera alors plus précisément de « syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil » (« SAOS »).
Orientation (vector space)The orientation of a real vector space or simply orientation of a vector space is the arbitrary choice of which ordered bases are "positively" oriented and which are "negatively" oriented. In the three-dimensional Euclidean space, right-handed bases are typically declared to be positively oriented, but the choice is arbitrary, as they may also be assigned a negative orientation. A vector space with an orientation selected is called an oriented vector space, while one not having an orientation selected, is called .
