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La validation croisée () est, en apprentissage automatique, une méthode d’estimation de fiabilité d’un modèle fondée sur une technique d’échantillonnage. Supposons posséder un modèle statistique avec un ou plusieurs paramètres inconnus, et un ensemble de données d'apprentissage sur lequel on peut apprendre (ou « entraîner ») le modèle. Le processus d'apprentissage optimise les paramètres du modèle afin que celui-ci corresponde le mieux possible aux données d'apprentissage.
In statistics, model validation is the task of evaluating whether a chosen statistical model is appropriate or not. Oftentimes in statistical inference, inferences from models that appear to fit their data may be flukes, resulting in a misunderstanding by researchers of the actual relevance of their model. To combat this, model validation is used to test whether a statistical model can hold up to permutations in the data.
Iterative reconstruction refers to iterative algorithms used to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in certain imaging techniques. For example, in computed tomography an image must be reconstructed from projections of an object. Here, iterative reconstruction techniques are usually a better, but computationally more expensive alternative to the common filtered back projection (FBP) method, which directly calculates the image in a single reconstruction step.
The goodness of fit of a statistical model describes how well it fits a set of observations. Measures of goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and the values expected under the model in question. Such measures can be used in statistical hypothesis testing, e.g. to test for normality of residuals, to test whether two samples are drawn from identical distributions (see Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), or whether outcome frequencies follow a specified distribution (see Pearson's chi-square test).
Declarative knowledge is an awareness of facts that can be expressed using declarative sentences, like knowing that Princess Diana died in 1997. It is also called theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that. It is not restricted to one specific use or purpose and can be stored in books or on computers. Epistemology is the main discipline studying declarative knowledge. Among other things, it studies the essential components of declarative knowledge.
Examine l'éthique du savoir et des actions, en mettant l'accent sur la bonne pensée comme base de la morale et en prônant une approche holistique de la conduite éthique.