Incidence geometryIn mathematics, incidence geometry is the study of incidence structures. A geometric structure such as the Euclidean plane is a complicated object that involves concepts such as length, angles, continuity, betweenness, and incidence. An incidence structure is what is obtained when all other concepts are removed and all that remains is the data about which points lie on which lines. Even with this severe limitation, theorems can be proved and interesting facts emerge concerning this structure.
Historic preservationHistoric preservation (US), built heritage preservation or built heritage conservation (UK), is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. It is a philosophical concept that became popular in the twentieth century, which maintains that cities as products of centuries' development should be obligated to protect their patrimonial legacy. The term refers specifically to the preservation of the built environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness.
Conservation des documentsLe principe de conservation des documents en archivistique ou en sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques est l'un des piliers essentiels de ces disciplines, avec la collecte des documents, le classement des archives ou les classifications décimales ou documentaires des bibliothèques ou centres de ressources. Les mesures appliquées par les bibliothécaires et les archivistes, notamment, pour conserver les documents (livres, archives, objets) ont pour but initial de leur assurer une « durée de vie » maximale.
Proof by contradictionIn logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition, by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally valid. More broadly, proof by contradiction is any form of argument that establishes a statement by arriving at a contradiction, even when the initial assumption is not the negation of the statement to be proved.
Computer-assisted proofA computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer. Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of large proofs-by-exhaustion of a mathematical theorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations, and to provide a proof that the result of these computations implies the given theorem. In 1976, the four color theorem was the first major theorem to be verified using a computer program.
National Trust for Historic PreservationThe National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded, nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C., that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States. The member-supported organization was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support the preservation of America’s diverse historic buildings, neighborhoods, and heritage through its programs, resources, and advocacy.
Application affineEn géométrie, une application affine est une application entre deux espaces affines qui est compatible avec leur structure. Cette notion généralise celle de fonction affine de R dans R (), sous la forme , où est une application linéaire et est un point. Une bijection affine (qui est un cas particulier de transformation géométrique) envoie les sous-espaces affines, comme les points, les droites ou les plans, sur le même type d'objet géométrique, tout en préservant la notion de parallélisme.
