Fluid balanceFluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges. The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in; for example, in humans, the output (via respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation, and expectoration) must equal the input (via eating and drinking, or by parenteral intake).
Renal physiologyRenal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
Water balanceThe law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time interval. In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as a column of soil, a drainage basin, an irrigation area or a city. The water balance is also referred to as a water budget. Developing water budgets is a fundamental activity in the science of hydrology.
Débit de filtration glomérulaireLe débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG) est le volume de liquide filtré par le rein par unité de temps. C'est une valeur qui permet de quantifier l'activité du rein. Le DFG est classiquement estimé par la créatinine sérique, le calcul de la clairance de la créatinine à partir de la récolte des urines de 24 heures ou par la formule de Cockcroft. Chez une personne de type caucasien ayant une pression artérielle normale, le DFG est d'au moins 90 mL/min/1,73m2 et doit être multiplié par 1,15 chez les personnes de type africain.
Transplantation rénaleLa transplantation rénale, ou greffe de rein est une intervention chirurgicale consistant à remplacer un rein défectueux par un rein sain, prélevé sur un donneur. Selon la pathologie initiale, le greffon peut être posé sans que le rein ou les reins malades aient été retirés. Le rein transplanté est généralement greffé plus bas que la position anatomique normale, notamment dans la fosse iliaque. Il s'agit de la greffe la plus courante, elle possède un taux de réussite élevé.
Insuffisance rénale chronique chez l'humainL’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) se caractérise par une altération irréversible du système de filtration glomérulaire, de la fonction tubulaire et endocrine des reins. On constate une destruction du parenchyme rénal puis des anomalies métaboliques, hormonales et cliniques définissant le syndrome urémique. On estime l'importance de l'insuffisance rénale chronique par le calcul de la clairance de la créatinine par les formules de Cockcroft & Gault, MDRD ou CKD-EPI pour l'adulte et la formule de Schwartz chez l'enfant.
Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also refer to the other renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals mainly with bioengineered kidneys/bioartificial kidneys that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue. The first successful artificial kidney was developed by Willem Kolff in the Netherlands during the early 1940s: Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943.
Assessment of kidney functionAssessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging. Functions of a healthy kidney include maintaining a person's fluid balance, maintaining an acid-base balance; regulating electrolytes including sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; regulating blood pressure; and regulating hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
Dialysealt=|vignette|Patient recevant une dialyse La dialyse est une technique de purification de solutions. En particulier, en médecine, la dialyse est une méthode d'épuration du sang à travers une membrane. Le principe consiste à séparer deux solutions par une membrane. On distingue différents types de membranes, les membranes hémiperméables (qui ne laissent passer que le solvant) et dialysantes (pores de diamètre de l'ordre du nanomètre (nm), identiques et connus) qui laissent passer le solvant et les solutés en dessous d'une certaine taille.
Juxtaglomerular cellJuxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), also known as juxtaglomerular granular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles (and some in the efferent arterioles) that deliver blood to the glomerulus. In synthesizing renin, they play a critical role in the renin–angiotensin system and thus in autoregulation of the kidney.
Loop of HenleIn the kidney, the loop of Henle (ˈhɛnli) (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Latin counterpart ansa nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
Macula densaIn the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the thick ascending limb of henle, where the distal tubule touches the glomerulus. The cells of the macula densa are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride in the thick ascending loop of henle.
