Conservation de la masseLa conservation de la masse (ou de Lavoisier) est une loi fondamentale de la chimie et de la physique. Elle indique non seulement qu'au cours de toute expérience, y compris si elle implique une transformation chimique, la masse se conserve, mais aussi que le nombre d'éléments de chaque espèce chimique se conserve (cette loi ne s'applique pas à l'échelle nucléaire : voir défaut de masse). Comme toute loi de conservation elle s'exprime par une équation de conservation.
Socialist calculation debateThe socialist calculation debate, sometimes known as the economic calculation debate, was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money, financial prices for capital goods and private ownership of the means of production. More specifically, the debate was centered on the application of economic planning for the allocation of the means of production as a substitute for capital markets and whether or not such an arrangement would be superior to capitalism in terms of efficiency and productivity.
Game physicsComputer animation physics or game physics are laws of physics as they are defined within a simulation or video game, and the programming logic used to implement these laws. Game physics vary greatly in their degree of similarity to real-world physics. Sometimes, the physics of a game may be designed to mimic the physics of the real world as accurately as is feasible, in order to appear realistic to the player or observer. In other cases, games may intentionally deviate from actual physics for gameplay purposes.
Calculation in kindNOTOC Calculation in kind or calculation in-natura is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy, it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. In an in-kind economy products are produced for their use values (their utility) and accounted in physical terms. By contrast, in money-based economies, commodities are produced for their exchange value and accounted in monetary terms.
Moteur physiqueUn moteur physique est, en informatique, une bibliothèque logicielle indépendante appliquée à la résolution de problèmes de la mécanique classique. Les résolutions typiques sont les collisions, la chute des corps, les forces, la cinétique, etc. Les moteurs physiques sont principalement utilisés dans des simulations scientifiques et dans les jeux vidéo. Certains sont également libres pour l'utilisation commerciale, à vérifier bibliothèque par bibliothèque. Box2D (Licence Zlib) Chipmunk (C, C++, Ruby, Python, OCaml.
Economic calculation problemThe economic calculation problem (sometimes abbreviated ECP) is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by Friedrich Hayek. In his first article, Mises described the nature of the price system under capitalism and described how individual subjective values (while criticizing other theories of value) are translated into the objective information necessary for rational allocation of resources in society.
Terre rareLes terres rares, de symbole REE (pour l'anglais rare-earth element), sont un groupe de métaux aux propriétés voisines comprenant le scandium Sc, l'yttrium Y et les quinze lanthanides. Ces métaux sont, contrairement à ce que suggère leur appellation, assez répandus dans la croûte terrestre, à l'égal de certains métaux usuels. L'abondance du cérium est ainsi d'environ , alors que celle du thulium et du lutécium n'est que de . Sous forme élémentaire, les terres rares ont un aspect métallique et sont assez tendres, malléables et ductiles.
Volume elementIn mathematics, a volume element provides a means for integrating a function with respect to volume in various coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. Thus a volume element is an expression of the form where the are the coordinates, so that the volume of any set can be computed by For example, in spherical coordinates , and so . The notion of a volume element is not limited to three dimensions: in two dimensions it is often known as the area element, and in this setting it is useful for doing surface integrals.
