Document retrievalDocument retrieval is defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set of free-text records. These records could be any type of mainly unstructured text, such as newspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information need to a few words. Document retrieval is sometimes referred to as, or as a branch of, text retrieval. Text retrieval is a branch of information retrieval where the information is stored primarily in the form of text.
Complexité descriptiveEn informatique théorique, la complexité descriptive est une branche de la théorie de la complexité et de la théorie des modèles, qui caractérise les classes de complexité en termes de logique qui permet de décrire les problèmes. La complexité descriptive donne un nouveau point de vue car on définit des classes de complexité sans faire appel à une notion de machines comme les machines de Turing. Par exemple la classe NP correspond à l'ensemble des problèmes exprimables en logique du second ordre existentielle : c'est le théorème de Fagin.
NP (complexité)La classe NP est une classe très importante de la théorie de la complexité. L'abréviation NP signifie « non déterministe polynomial » (« en »). Un problème de décision est dans NP s'il est décidé par une machine de Turing non déterministe en temps polynomial par rapport à la taille de l'entrée. Intuitivement, cela revient à dire qu'on peut vérifier « rapidement » (complexité polynomiale) si une solution candidate est bien solution.
Information filtering systemAn information filtering system is a system that removes redundant or unwanted information from an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods prior to presentation to a human user. Its main goal is the management of the information overload and increment of the semantic signal-to-noise ratio. To do this the user's profile is compared to some reference characteristics. These characteristics may originate from the information item (the content-based approach) or the user's social environment (the collaborative filtering approach).
Fermeture transitiveLa fermeture transitive est une opération mathématique pouvant être appliquée sur des relations binaires sur un ensemble, autrement dit sur des graphes orientés. La clôture transitive, ou fermeture transitive R d'une relation binaire R sur un ensemble X est la relation ce qui peut également se traduire ainsi : Si on nomme la relation "il existe un chemin de taille n entre a et b" On définit C'est la plus petite relation transitive sur X contenant R.
Cray-2The Cray-2 is a supercomputer with four vector processors made by Cray Research starting in 1985. At 1.9 GFLOPS peak performance, it was the fastest machine in the world when it was released, replacing the Cray X-MP in that spot. It was, in turn, replaced in that spot by the Cray Y-MP in 1988. The Cray-2 was the first of Seymour Cray's designs to successfully use multiple CPUs. This had been attempted in the CDC 8600 in the early 1970s, but the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) transistors of the era were too difficult to package into a working machine.
Cray-1The Cray-1 was a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research. Announced in 1975, the first Cray-1 system was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976. Eventually, eighty Cray-1s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history. It is perhaps best known for its unique shape, a relatively small C-shaped cabinet with a ring of benches around the outside covering the power supplies and the cooling system. The Cray-1 was the first supercomputer to successfully implement the vector processor design.
