The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped structure located below the hypothalamus), and the adrenal (also called "suprarenal") glands (small, conical organs on top of the kidneys). These organs and their interactions constitute the HPA axis.
3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of converting 3D models into 2D images on a computer. 3D renders may include photorealistic effects or non-photorealistic styles. Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image or animation from the prepared scene. This can be compared to taking a photo or filming the scene after the setup is finished in real life. Several different, and often specialized, rendering methods have been developed.
En topologie, une boule est un type de voisinage particulier dans un espace métrique. Le nom évoque, à juste titre, la boule solide dans l'espace usuel à trois dimensions, mais la notion se généralise entre autres à des espaces de dimension plus grande (ou plus petite) ou encore de norme non euclidienne. Dans ce cas, une boule peut ne pas être « ronde » au sens usuel du terme.