Alkali soilAlkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity.
Groundwater modelGroundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrologists and hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions. An unambiguous definition of "groundwater model" is difficult to give, but there are many common characteristics. A groundwater model may be a scale model or an electric model of a groundwater situation or aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment.
GéomorphologieLa géomorphologie (du grec γῆ, , la Terre, μορφή, , la forme et λόγος, , l’étude) est l'étude scientifique des reliefs et des processus qui les façonnent sur les planètes telluriques. thumb|300px|La surface de la Terre (NOAA) Les géomorphologues analysent les paysages, cherchent à en comprendre l'histoire et l’évolution et à prévoir les changements futurs à travers une combinaison d'observations de terrain, d'expérimentations en laboratoire et de modélisations numériques. thumb|upright|Le Cono de Arita en Salar d'Arizaro, Salta (Argentine).
Réseau de drainage (géomorphologie)vignette|Drainage dendritique: Brahmapoutre, au Tibet, vu de l'espace: la couverture de neige a fondu dans le système de la vallée. En géomorphologie, les réseaux de drainage, appelés aussi réseaux hydrographiques (en anglais drainage systems, aussi connu sous le nom river systems), sont les réseaux formés par l'ensemble des cours d’eau (ruisseaux, rivières, éventuellement fleuve), des lacs et de leurs connexions d'un bassin hydrographique (bassin versant) donné.
Bassin versantvignette|upright=1.5|alt=Vue numérique d'un relief et mise en évidence d'une rivière, de ses affluents et du périmètre de son bassin versant.|Bassin versant de la , en Roumanie. Un bassin versant est une zone géographique de collecte des eaux de surface par un cours d'eau et ses affluents. Il est limité à l'amont par une ligne de partage des eaux qui correspond souvent, mais pas toujours, à une ligne de crête.
Drainage equationA drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils. It is used in drainage design. A well known steady-state drainage equation is the Hooghoudt drain spacing equation. Its original publication is in Dutch. The equation was introduced in the USA by van Schilfgaarde. Hooghoudt's equation can be written as:.
Zone ripariennethumb|260px|Les ripisylves de deux cours d'eau se rejoignent ici pour former une forêt galerie (comté de Putnam, Ohio, USA). Une zone riparienne (zone riveraine ou ripicole, corridor rivulaire, écotone riverain ou bande riveraine sont éventuellement à privilégier, particulièrement au Québec) est une zone plus ou moins large longeant un cours d'eau et recouverte de végétation appelée ripisylve, forêt galerie ou bande enherbée selon la nature de celle-ci. Cette bande est une véritable zone riparienne tampon entre le cours d'eau et les terres environnantes.
Watertable controlIn geotechnical engineering, watertable control is the practice of controlling the height of the water table by drainage. Its main applications are in agricultural land (to improve the crop yield using agricultural drainage systems) and in cities to manage the extensive underground infrastructure that includes the foundations of large buildings, underground transit systems, and extensive utilities (water supply networks, sewerage, storm drains, and underground electrical grids).
Soil organic matterSoil organic matter (SOM) is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal detritus at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil microbes, and substances that soil microbes synthesize. SOM provides numerous benefits to the physical and chemical properties of soil and its capacity to provide regulatory ecosystem services. SOM is especially critical for soil functions and quality.
Well drainageWell drainage means drainage of agricultural lands by wells. Agricultural land is drained by pumped wells (vertical drainage) to improve the soils by controlling water table levels and soil salinity. Subsurface (groundwater) drainage for water table and soil salinity in agricultural land can be done by horizontal and vertical drainage systems. Horizontal drainage systems are drainage systems using open ditches (trenches) or buried pipe drains. Vertical drainage systems are drainage systems using pumped wells, either open dug wells or tube wells.
Groundwater flow equationUsed in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow of heat in a solid (heat conduction). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the Laplace equation, which is a form of potential flow and has analogs in numerous fields.
Drainage system (agriculture)An agricultural drainage system is a system by which water is drained on or in the soil to enhance agricultural production of crops. It may involve any combination of stormwater control, erosion control, and watertable control. While there are more than two types of drainage systems employed in agriculture, there are two main types: (1) surface drainage and (2) sub-surface drainage. Figure 1 classifies the various types of drainage systems. It shows the field (or internal) and the main (or external) systems.
