Elliptical polarizationIn electrodynamics, elliptical polarization is the polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linearly polarized waves in phase quadrature, with their polarization planes at right angles to each other. Since the electric field can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as it propagates, elliptically polarized waves exhibit chirality.
Linear polarizationIn electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822. See polarization and plane of polarization for more information. The orientation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector.
Équations de Maxwellvignette|Plaque représentant les équations de Maxwell au pied de la statue en hommage à James Clerk Maxwell d'Edimbourg. Les équations de Maxwell, aussi appelées équations de Maxwell-Lorentz, sont des lois fondamentales de la physique. Elles constituent, avec l'expression de la force électromagnétique de Lorentz, les postulats de base de l'électromagnétisme. Ces équations traduisent sous forme locale différents théorèmes (Gauss, Ampère, Faraday) qui régissaient l'électromagnétisme avant que Maxwell ne les réunisse sous forme d'équations intégrales.
Surface de GaussEn électromagnétisme, une surface de Gauss est une surface imaginaire de l'espace utilisée dans le calcul des champs électriques par le théorème de Gauss. Puisque le théorème de Gauss peut être utilisé dans le cas de certaines symétries particulières du champ électrique, on distingue principalement trois classes de surfaces de Gauss. vignette|Sphère de Gauss autour d'une charge ponctuelle. Utilisée pour des objets chargés de symétrie sphérique, par exemple une charge ponctuelle.
Four-currentIn special and general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the electric current density. Also known as vector current, it is used in the geometric context of four-dimensional spacetime, rather than three-dimensional space and time separately. Mathematically it is a four-vector, and is Lorentz covariant. Analogously, it is possible to have any form of "current density", meaning the flow of a quantity per unit time per unit area.
Diélectrique high-kUn diélectrique high-κ (high-κ dielectric) est un matériau avec une constante diélectrique κ élevée (comparée à celle du dioxyde de silicium) utilisé dans la fabrication de composants semi-conducteur en remplacement de la grille habituellement en dioxyde de silicium. L'utilisation de ce type de matériau constitue l'une des stratégies de développement permettant la miniaturisation des composés en microélectronique, afin de permettre de continuer à suivre la Loi de Moore.
Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equationSinusoidal plane-wave solutions are particular solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation. The general solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in homogeneous, linear, time-independent media can be written as a linear superposition of plane-waves of different frequencies and polarizations. The treatment in this article is classical but, because of the generality of Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics, the treatment can be converted into the quantum mechanical treatment with only a reinterpretation of classical quantities (aside from the quantum mechanical treatment needed for charge and current densities).
Capacitor typesCapacitors are manufactured in many styles, forms, dimensions, and from a large variety of materials. They all contain at least two electrical conductors, called plates, separated by an insulating layer (dielectric). Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Capacitors, together with resistors and inductors, belong to the group of passive components in electronic equipment.
Tantalum capacitorA tantalum electrolytic capacitor is an electrolytic capacitor, a passive component of electronic circuits. It consists of a pellet of porous tantalum metal as an anode, covered by an insulating oxide layer that forms the dielectric, surrounded by liquid or solid electrolyte as a cathode. Because of its very thin and relatively high permittivity dielectric layer, the tantalum capacitor distinguishes itself from other conventional and electrolytic capacitors in having high capacitance per volume (high volumetric efficiency) and lower weight.
Film capacitorFilm capacitors, plastic film capacitors, film dielectric capacitors, or polymer film capacitors, generically called film caps as well as power film capacitors, are electrical capacitors with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric, sometimes combined with paper as carrier of the electrodes. The dielectric films, depending on the desired dielectric strength, are drawn in a special process to an extremely thin thickness, and are then provided with electrodes.
Electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Because of their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values.
Vecteur euclidienEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en géométrie euclidienne, un vecteur euclidien est un objet géométrique possédant une direction, un sens et une norme. On l'utilise par exemple en physique et en ingénierie pour modéliser une force. On parle aussi parfois de vecteur géométrique dans le plan euclidien (deux dimensions) et de vecteur spatial dans l'espace à trois dimensions. Vecteur#HistoireVecteur En physique et en ingénierie, on travaille souvent dans l'espace euclidien.
