Future historyA future history is a postulated history of the future and is used by authors of science fiction and other speculative fiction to construct a common background for fiction. Sometimes the author publishes a timeline of events in the history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information provided therein. The term appears to have been coined by John W. Campbell, Jr., the editor of Astounding Science Fiction, in the February 1941 issue of that magazine, in reference to Robert A.
Magnitude apparentevignette|Image de la nébuleuse de la Tarentule prise par le télescope VISTA de l'ESO. La nébuleuse a une magnitude apparente de 8 et est entourée d'objets célestes aux magnitudes diverses. La magnitude apparente est une mesure de l'irradiance d'un objet céleste observé depuis la Terre. Utilisée quasi exclusivement en astronomie, la magnitude correspondait historiquement à un classement des étoiles, les plus brillantes étant de « première magnitude », les deuxièmes et troisièmes magnitudes étant plus faibles, jusqu'à la sixième magnitude, étoiles à peine visibles à l'œil nu.
Magnitude (astronomie)vignette|Sources lumineuses de différentes magnitudes. En astronomie, la magnitude est une mesure sans unité de la luminosité d'un objet céleste dans une bande de longueurs d'onde définie, souvent dans le spectre visible ou infrarouge. Une détermination imprécise mais systématique de la grandeur des objets est introduite dès le par Hipparque. L'échelle est logarithmique et définie de telle sorte que chaque pas d'une grandeur change la luminosité d'un facteur 2,5.
Magnitude limite visuelleEn astronomie, la magnitude limite visuelle désigne la magnitude limite, en lumière visible, que peut observer un instrument optique (œil, lunette, télescope, ...). L'œil humain permet de détecter un flux de 50 à 150 photons par seconde de lumière verte, couleur à laquelle les bâtonnets sont le plus sensibles. Ce flux lumineux correspond à une étoile de magnitude 8,5. L’œil humain pourrait donc voir des étoiles de cette magnitude dans le ciel.
StockStock (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided. A single share of the stock means fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. This typically entitles the shareholder (stockholder) to that fraction of the company's earnings, proceeds from liquidation of assets (after discharge of all senior claims such as secured and unsecured debt), or voting power, often dividing these up in proportion to the amount of money each stockholder has invested.
PresentThe present is the period of time that is occurring now. The present is contrasted with the past, the period of time that has already occurred, and the future, the period of time that has yet to occur. It is sometimes represented as a hyperplane in space-time, typically called "now", although modern physics demonstrates that such a hyperplane cannot be defined uniquely for observers in relative motion. The present may also be viewed as a duration.
Stock marketA stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investment is usually made with an investment strategy in mind. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded securities worldwide rose from US$2.
