Longitudinal waves are waves in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same (or opposite) direction of the wave propagation. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional or compression waves, because they produce compression and rarefaction when traveling through a medium, and pressure waves, because they produce increases and decreases in pressure.
Un vecteur contravariant est un vecteur, un vecteur covariant est une forme linéaire, encore appelé covecteur, ou encore vecteur dual. Et si on dispose d'un produit scalaire, on peut représenter une forme linéaire (= un vecteur covariant = un covecteur) par un vecteur à l'aide du théorème de représentation de Riesz (cette représentation dépend du choix du produit scalaire).
Distributed ray tracing, also called distribution ray tracing and stochastic ray tracing, is a refinement of ray tracing that allows for the rendering of "soft" phenomena. Conventional ray tracing uses single rays to sample many different domains. For example, when the color of an object is calculated, ray tracing might send a single ray to each light source in the scene. This leads to sharp shadows, since there is no way for a light source to be partially occluded (another way of saying this is that all lights are point sources and have zero area).