Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Linear elasticityLinear elasticity is a mathematical model of how solid objects deform and become internally stressed due to prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general nonlinear theory of elasticity and a branch of continuum mechanics. The fundamental "linearizing" assumptions of linear elasticity are: infinitesimal strains or "small" deformations (or strains) and linear relationships between the components of stress and strain. In addition linear elasticity is valid only for stress states that do not produce yielding.
Loi de HookeEn physique, la loi de Hooke modélise le comportement des solides élastiques soumis à des contraintes. Elle stipule que la déformation élastique est une fonction linéaire des contraintes. Sous sa forme la plus simple, elle relie l'allongement (d'un ressort, par exemple) à la force appliquée. Cette loi de comportement a été énoncée par le physicien anglais Robert Hooke en 1676. La loi de Hooke est en fait le terme de premier ordre d'une série de Taylor. C'est donc une approximation qui peut devenir inexacte quand la déformation est trop grande.
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
Déformation élastiqueEn physique, l'élasticité est la propriété d'un matériau solide à retrouver sa forme d'origine après avoir été déformé. La déformation élastique est une déformation réversible. Un matériau solide se déforme lorsque des forces lui sont appliquées. Un matériau élastique retrouve sa forme et sa taille initiales quand ces forces ne s'exercent plus, jusqu'à une certaine limite de la valeur de ces forces. Les tissus biologiques sont également plus ou moins élastiques. Les raisons physiques du comportement élastique diffèrent d'un matériau à un autre.
Elasticity tensorThe elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include and . The defining equation can be written as where and are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.
Rubber elasticityRubber elasticity refers to a property of crosslinked rubber: it can be stretched by up to a factor of 10 from its original length and, when released, returns very nearly to its original length. This can be repeated many times with no apparent degradation to the rubber. Rubber is a member of a larger class of materials called elastomers and it is difficult to overestimate their economic and technological importance. Elastomers have played a key role in the development of new technologies in the 20th century and make a substantial contribution to the global economy.
Déformation d'un matériauLa déformation des matériaux est une science qui caractérise la manière dont réagit un matériau donné quand il est soumis à des sollicitations mécaniques. Cette notion est primordiale dans la conception (aptitude de la pièce à réaliser sa fonction), la fabrication (mise en forme de la pièce), et le dimensionnement mécanique (calcul de la marge de sécurité d'un dispositif pour éviter une rupture). La capacité d'une pièce à se déformer et à résister aux efforts dépend de trois paramètres : la forme de la pièce ; la nature du matériau ; des processus de fabrication : traitement thermique , traitement de surface, etc.
Action (finance)vignette|250px|Action du Zoo d'Anvers, Belgique,23 juillet 1843. vignette|250px|Action de la Société royale de Zoologie, d’Horticulture et d’Agrément (Zoo de Bruxelles à l'époque), 1874. vignette|Action de la S. A. de la Franc-maçonnerie bordelaise, 1878. vignette|Action de la Société Anonyme du Home-Décor, 1898. vignette|Action de la Compagnie Impériale des Chemins de Fer Éthiopiens, 1899. vignette|Action de Imprimerie et Publicité Charles Verneau, 1899. vignette|Action de la Compagnie des Installations Maritimes de Bruges (Belgique), 1904.
Capital social (comptabilité)Le capital social, appelé souvent plus simplement le capital, désigne, en comptabilité les ressources apportées à une société par ses associés lors de sa création ou d'augmentations de capital ultérieures. Le capital social est un élément obligatoire pour toutes les sociétés. Le capital social est un apport obligatoire, mais surtout indispensable pour « monter son entreprise » : il permet en général les premiers investissements en moyens de production (locaux, machines, informatique) et ensuite une augmentation de ces moyens (à la suite d'une augmentation de capital).
Salon de discussionUn salon de discussion ou un clavardoir (au Québec) est un lieu de rencontre virtuel, accessible à partir d'un site, que l'internaute peut choisir, selon le sujet proposé ou l'intérêt du moment, afin de dialoguer par clavier interposé, avec un nombre relativement restreint de participants. L'expression « salon de discussion » est la traduction de l'anglais chat room. Au Canada, l'OQLF recommande le mot « clavardoir », formé à partir des mots clavarder (dialoguer) et parloir. Internet Relay Chat (dit IRC) C
Chat en lignevignette|311x311px| Dans ce programme de discussion en ligne typique, la fenêtre de gauche affiche une liste de contacts et la fenêtre de droite, une conversation entre l'utilisateur et l'un de ces contacts. Le chat en ligne, tchat en ligne, dialogue en ligne, ou clavardage (notamment en français québécois), peut faire référence à tout type de communication sur Internet offrant une transmission en temps réel de messages texte de l'expéditeur au destinataire.
Price elasticity of demandA good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good, but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase in price, holding everything else constant. If the elasticity is −2, that means a one percent price rise leads to a two percent decline in quantity demanded.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Price elasticity of supplyThe price elasticity of supply (PES or Es) is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity supplied of a good or service to a change in its price. Price elasticity of supply, in application, is the percentage change of the quantity supplied resulting from a 1% change in price. Alternatively, PES is the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. When PES is less than one, the supply of the good can be described as inelastic.
Loi de comportementLes lois de comportement de la matière, étudiées en science des matériaux et notamment en mécanique des milieux continus, visent à modéliser le comportement des fluides ou solides par des lois empiriques lors de leur déformation. Les modèles ci-dessous sont volontairement simplifiés, afin de permettre d'appréhender les notions élémentaires.
Strain energy density functionA strain energy density function or stored energy density function is a scalar-valued function that relates the strain energy density of a material to the deformation gradient. Equivalently, where is the (two-point) deformation gradient tensor, is the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor, is the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor, and is the rotation tensor from the polar decomposition of . For an anisotropic material, the strain energy density function depends implicitly on reference vectors or tensors (such as the initial orientation of fibers in a composite) that characterize internal material texture.
Information security auditAn information security audit is an audit of the level of information security in an organization. It is an independent review and examination of system records, activities, and related documents. These audits are intended to improve the level of information security, avoid improper information security designs, and optimize the efficiency of the security safeguards and security processes. Within the broad scope of auditing information security there are multiple types of audits, multiple objectives for different audits, etc.
