Historienvignette|Buste d'Hérodote, av. J.-C., musée de l'Agora antique d'Athènes. Un historien ou une historienne est une personne qui étudie ou publie sur l’histoire en produisant un discours ou un écrit respectant une méthode scientifique. Il a pour tâche de produire des recherches originales en rapportant des faits passés, de les catégoriser, puis d'en proposer une interprétation équilibrée et justifiée par des sources, sous le contrôle du public informé. Le titre d'historien n'est pas reconnu professionnellement et repose plutôt sur la reconnaissance par ses pairs.
HistoireL’histoire est à la fois l'étude et l'écriture des faits et des événements passés quelles que soient leur variété et leurs complexités. Ce mot est souvent écrit avec la première lettre en majuscule. L'histoire est également une science humaine et sociale. On désigne aussi couramment sous le terme dhistoire (par synecdoque) le passé lui-même, comme dans les leçons de l'histoire. L'histoire est un récit écrit par lequel les êtres humains, et plus particulièrement les historiens, s'efforcent de faire connaître les temps révolus.
Primary sourceIn the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions can be used in library science and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different definitions.
Tertiary sourceA tertiary source is an index or textual consolidation of already published primary and secondary sources that does not provide additional interpretations or analysis of the sources. Some tertiary sources can be used as an aid to find key (seminal) sources, key terms, general common knowledge and established mainstream science on a topic. The exact definition of tertiary varies by academic field. Academic research standards generally do not accept tertiary sources such as encyclopedias as citations, although survey articles are frequently cited rather than the original publication.
Secondary sourceIn scholarship, a secondary source is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. A secondary source contrasts with a primary source, which is an original source of the information being discussed; a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation or a document created by such a person. A secondary source is one that gives information about a primary source. In this source, the original information is selected, modified and arranged in a suitable format.
Alternate historyAlternate history (also alternative history, allohistory, althist, or AH) is a subgenre of speculative fiction in which one or more historical events have occurred but are resolved differently than in actual history. As conjecture based upon historical fact, alternate history stories propose What if? scenarios about crucial events in human history, and present outcomes very different from the historical record. Some alternate histories are considered a subgenre of literary fiction, science fiction, or historical fiction.
Object lifetimeIn object-oriented programming (OOP), the object lifetime (or life cycle) of an object is the time between an object's creation and its destruction. Rules for object lifetime vary significantly between languages, in some cases between implementations of a given language, and lifetime of a particular object may vary from one run of the program to another. In some cases, object lifetime coincides with variable lifetime of a variable with that object as value (both for static variables and automatic variables), but in general, object lifetime is not tied to the lifetime of any one variable.
Object modelIn computing, object model has two related but distinct meanings: The properties of objects in general in a specific computer programming language, technology, notation or methodology that uses them. Examples are the object models of Java, the Component Object Model (COM), or Object-Modeling Technique (OMT). Such object models are usually defined using concepts such as class, generic function, message, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
Objet (informatique)En informatique, un objet est un conteneur symbolique et autonome qui contient des informations et des mécanismes concernant un sujet, manipulés dans un programme. Le sujet est souvent quelque chose de tangible appartenant au monde réel. C'est le concept central de la programmation orientée objet (POO). En programmation orientée objet, un objet est créé à partir d'un modèle appelé classe ou prototype, dont il hérite les comportements et les caractéristiques.
