Fichier binairevignette|Contenu du fichier binaire de la favicon de Wikipedia En informatique, un fichier binaire est un fichier qui n'est pas un fichier texte. De nombreux formats de fichiers binaires stockent une partie de leurs données sous forme de texte (une suite de caractères), le reste servant à interpréter, formater ou afficher ce texte. Par extension de langage, on appelle « binaire » tout fichier qui n'est pas interprétable sous forme de texte : une image, un son ou encore un autre fichier compressé.
Programmation spaghettiEn programmation informatique, la programmation spaghetti est un style d'écriture de code source qui favorise l'apparition du syndrome du plat de spaghettis : un code peu clair et qui fait un usage excessif de sauts inconditionnels (voir goto), d'exceptions en tous sens, de gestion des événements complexes et de threads divers. Ce style d'écriture de code est à bannir car il peut engendrer des problèmes graves, comme le montre par exemple le procès de l'affaire Toyota en 2013.
Switch (instruction)En programmation informatique, switch (« aiguillage » en anglais), parfois aussi select (comme en VB) ou inspect ou case of (Pascal, Modula 2) ou Match (Rust et Python) est une instruction qui permet d'effectuer un branchement à partir de la valeur d'une variable. Elle peut dans certains cas remplacer une série (souvent peu élégante) de if... else. On l'utilise lorsque les cas à gérer sont nombreux. Ce mécanisme est préfiguré dans les années 1960 par les branchements calculés.
History of PythonPython (programming language) The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL).
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Python syntax and semanticsThe syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some definite differences between the languages. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, and boasts a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.
Spindle checkpointThe spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation).
Fichier exécutableEn informatique et en technologies de l'information, un fichier exécutable, parfois (par métonymie) un programme, ou simplement un exécutable est un fichier contenant un programme et identifié par le système d'exploitation en tant que tel. Le chargement d'un tel fichier entraîne la création d'un processus dans le système, et l'exécution du programme, par opposition au fichier de données qui doit d'abord être interprété par un programme pour prendre sens.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Portage (software)Portage is a package management system originally created for and used by Gentoo Linux and also by ChromeOS, Calculate, Sabayon, and Funtoo Linux among others. Portage is based on the concept of ports collections. Gentoo is sometimes referred to as a meta-distribution due to the extreme flexibility of Portage, which makes it operating-system-independent. The Gentoo/Alt project was concerned with using Portage to manage other operating systems, such as BSDs, macOS and Solaris.
Executable compressionExecutable compression is any means of compressing an executable file and combining the compressed data with decompression code into a single executable. When this compressed executable is executed, the decompression code recreates the original code from the compressed code before executing it. In most cases this happens transparently so the compressed executable can be used in exactly the same way as the original. Executable compressors are often referred to as "runtime packers", "software packers", "software protectors" (or even "polymorphic packers" and "obfuscating tools").
Biologie cellulairethumb|Détection de filaments d'actine dans des cellules animales (immunofluorescence) La biologie cellulaire (anciennement appelée cytologie) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les cellules, du point de vue structural et fonctionnel, et les utilise pour des applications en biotechnologie. Elle s'intéresse à l'écosystème cellulaire, c'est-à-dire à l'équilibre dynamique et autorégulé des fonctions cellulaires, dans un contexte normal ou perturbé.
