Complete homogeneous symmetric polynomialIn mathematics, specifically in algebraic combinatorics and commutative algebra, the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials are a specific kind of symmetric polynomials. Every symmetric polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial expression in complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials. The complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial of degree k in n variables X1, ..., Xn, written hk for k = 0, 1, 2, ..., is the sum of all monomials of total degree k in the variables.
Algèbre des parties d'un ensembleEn théorie des ensembles, l'ensemble des parties d'un ensemble, muni des opérations d'intersection, de réunion, et de passage au complémentaire, possède une structure d'algèbre de Boole. D'autres opérations s'en déduisent, comme la différence ensembliste et la différence symétrique. L'algèbre des parties d'un ensemble étudie l'arithmétique de ces opérations (voir l'article « Opération ensembliste » pour des opérations qui ne laissent pas stable l'ensemble des parties d'un ensemble).
Théorie des ensembles approximatifsThéorie des ensembles approximatifs – est un formalisme mathématique proposé en 1982 par le professeur Zdzisław Pawlak. Elle généralise la théorie des ensembles classique. Un ensemble approximatif (anglais : rough set) est un objet mathématique basé sur la logique 3 états. Dans sa première définition, un ensemble approximatif est une paire de deux ensembles : une approximation inférieure et une approximation supérieure. Il existe également un type d'ensembles approximatifs défini par une paire d'ensembles flous (anglais : fuzzy set).
Relation symétriqueEn mathématiques, une relation (binaire, interne) R est dite symétrique si elle vérifie : ou encore, si elle est égale à sa relation réciproque. Exemples : les relations d'équivalence sont les préordres symétriques ; sur l'ensemble des entiers, la relation « forme un produit pair avec » est symétrique, car la multiplication des entiers est commutative. La clôture symétrique d'une relation R est la relation (sur le même ensemble) dont le graphe est l'union de ceux de R et de sa réciproque.
Equivalence classIn mathematics, when the elements of some set have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation), then one may naturally split the set into equivalence classes. These equivalence classes are constructed so that elements and belong to the same equivalence class if, and only if, they are equivalent. Formally, given a set and an equivalence relation on the of an element in denoted by is the set of elements which are equivalent to It may be proven, from the defining properties of equivalence relations, that the equivalence classes form a partition of This partition—the set of equivalence classes—is sometimes called the quotient set or the quotient space of by and is denoted by .
Homogeneous relationIn mathematics, a homogeneous relation (also called endorelation) on a set X is a binary relation between X and itself, i.e. it is a subset of the Cartesian product X × X. This is commonly phrased as "a relation on X" or "a (binary) relation over X". An example of a homogeneous relation is the relation of kinship, where the relation is between people. Common types of endorelations include orders, graphs, and equivalences. Specialized studies of order theory and graph theory have developed understanding of endorelations.
Reflexive closureIn mathematics, the reflexive closure of a binary relation on a set is the smallest reflexive relation on that contains A relation is called if it relates every element of to itself. For example, if is a set of distinct numbers and means " is less than ", then the reflexive closure of is the relation " is less than or equal to ". The reflexive closure of a relation on a set is given by In plain English, the reflexive closure of is the union of with the identity relation on As an example, if then the relation is already reflexive by itself, so it does not differ from its reflexive closure.
Relation de toléranceIn universal algebra and lattice theory, a tolerance relation on an algebraic structure is a reflexive symmetric relation that is compatible with all operations of the structure. Thus a tolerance is like a congruence, except that the assumption of transitivity is dropped. On a set, an algebraic structure with empty family of operations, tolerance relations are simply reflexive symmetric relations. A set that possesses a tolerance relation can be described as a tolerance space.
Fermeture transitiveLa fermeture transitive est une opération mathématique pouvant être appliquée sur des relations binaires sur un ensemble, autrement dit sur des graphes orientés. La clôture transitive, ou fermeture transitive R d'une relation binaire R sur un ensemble X est la relation ce qui peut également se traduire ainsi : Si on nomme la relation "il existe un chemin de taille n entre a et b" On définit C'est la plus petite relation transitive sur X contenant R.
Algèbre d'ensemblesLe concept intervient dans l'exposition des bases de la théorie de la mesure, sous des noms assez variés dans les sources en français : outre algèbre d'ensembles, et sa variante corps d'ensembles, on trouve aussi algèbre de Boole de parties, ou plus brièvement algèbre de Boole, voire simplement algèbre, et encore anneau booléen unitaire ou clan unitaire. Cette définition évoque celle d'une tribu ; en les rapprochant on constate immédiatement qu'un ensemble de parties d'un ensemble est une tribu si et seulement si c'est une algèbre d'ensembles stable par réunion dénombrable.
Symmetric differenceIn mathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets, also known as the disjunctive union, is the set of elements which are in either of the sets, but not in their intersection. For example, the symmetric difference of the sets and is . The symmetric difference of the sets A and B is commonly denoted by or The power set of any set becomes an abelian group under the operation of symmetric difference, with the empty set as the neutral element of the group and every element in this group being its own inverse.
Transitive reductionIn the mathematical field of graph theory, a transitive reduction of a directed graph D is another directed graph with the same vertices and as few edges as possible, such that for all pairs of vertices v, w a (directed) path from v to w in D exists if and only if such a path exists in the reduction. Transitive reductions were introduced by , who provided tight bounds on the computational complexity of constructing them. More technically, the reduction is a directed graph that has the same reachability relation as D.
