Encoding (memory)Memory has the ability to encode, store and recall information. Memories give an organism the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as build relationships. Encoding allows a perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from long-term memory. Working memory stores information for immediate use or manipulation, which is aided through hooking onto previously archived items already present in the long-term memory of an individual.
HumanHumans, or modern humans (Homo sapiens), are the most common and widespread species of primate. A great ape characterized by their hairlessness, bipedalism, and high intelligence, humans have a large brain and resulting cognitive skills that enable them to thrive in varied environments and develop complex societies and civilizations. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states.
Métacognitionvignette|Phénomène quotidien, la métacognition est l'acte de pensée qui permet à l'individu d'apprécier, d'évaluer, de juger ses capacités mentales et qui lui sert à planifier ses interventions. En psychologie, la métacognition est la « cognition sur la cognition » (le préfixe μετά signifiant « sur, à propos » en grec ancien). Autrement dit, la métacognition consiste à avoir une activité mentale sur ses propres processus mentaux, c'est-à-dire « penser sur ses propres pensées ».
Psychology of reasoningThe psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. It overlaps with psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, logic, and probability theory. Psychological experiments on how humans and other animals reason have been carried out for over 100 years. An enduring question is whether or not people have the capacity to be rational.
Inductive probabilityInductive probability attempts to give the probability of future events based on past events. It is the basis for inductive reasoning, and gives the mathematical basis for learning and the perception of patterns. It is a source of knowledge about the world. There are three sources of knowledge: inference, communication, and deduction. Communication relays information found using other methods. Deduction establishes new facts based on existing facts. Inference establishes new facts from data. Its basis is Bayes' theorem.
Learning environmentThe term learning environment can refer to an educational approach, cultural context, or physical setting in which teaching and learning occur. The term is commonly used as a more definitive alternative to "classroom", but it typically refers to the context of educational philosophy or knowledge experienced by the student and may also encompass a variety of learning cultures—its presiding ethos and characteristics, how individuals interact, governing structures, and philosophy.
Problème de l'inductionLe problème de l'induction est la question philosophique de savoir si le raisonnement inductif conduit à la connaissance, comprise dans le sens philosophique classique, car il met l'accent sur la prétendue absence de justification dans deux cas : Généraliser les propriétés d'une classe d'objets fondée sur des observations de cas particuliers de cette catégorie (par exemple, la conclusion selon laquelle « tous les cygnes que nous avons vus sont blancs, par conséquent, tous les cygnes sont blancs », avant la d
Personalized learningPersonalized learning, individualized instruction, personal learning environment and direct instruction all refer to efforts to tailor education to meet the different needs of students. The use of the term "personalized learning" dates back to at least the early 1960s, but there is no widespread agreement on the definition and components of a personal learning environment. Even enthusiasts for the concept admit that personal learning is an evolving term and doesn't have any widely accepted definition.
Jeuthumb|Les Joueurs de cartes de Paul Cézanne (1892-1895, Institut Courtauld). Le jeu est une activité, humaine ou animale, pratiquée pour se divertir. Propre aux mammifères, cette activité d'ordre psychique ou bien physique crée une dépense d'énergie décorrélée des intérêts essentiels immédiats autres que le plaisir. De ce fait, Johan Huizinga remarque que de très nombreuses activités humaines peuvent s'assimiler à des jeux. Mais la définition du jeu reste difficile à circonscrire, ce qui présente un intérêt pour la philosophie.
Archaic humansA number of varieties of Homo are grouped into the broad category of archaic humans in the period that precedes and is contemporary to the emergence of the earliest early modern humans (Homo sapiens) around 300 ka. Among the earliest remains of H. sapiens are Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia ( 195 or 233 ka), the remains from Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (about 315 ka) and Florisbad in South Africa (259 ka). The term typically includes H. antecessor, H. bodoensis, Denisovans (H. denisova), H.
Application linéaireEn mathématiques, une application linéaire (aussi appelée opérateur linéaire ou transformation linéaire) est une application entre deux espaces vectoriels qui respecte l'addition des vecteurs et la multiplication scalaire, et préserve ainsi plus généralement les combinaisons linéaires. L’expression peut s’utiliser aussi pour un morphisme entre deux modules sur un anneau, avec une présentation semblable en dehors des notions de base et de dimension. Cette notion étend celle de fonction linéaire en analyse réelle à des espaces vectoriels plus généraux.
