Wind power forecastingA wind power forecast corresponds to an estimate of the expected production of one or more wind turbines (referred to as a wind farm) in the near future, up to a year. Forecast are usually expressed in terms of the available power of the wind farm, occasionally in units of energy, indicating the power production potential over a time interval.
Solar vehicleA solar vehicle or solar electric vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propulsion. Solar power may also be used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.
Indépendance énergétiqueL’indépendance énergétique est la capacité d’un pays à satisfaire de manière « autonome » ses besoins énergétiques. En France, le taux d'indépendance énergétique est le résultat du rapport entre la production nationale d'énergies primaires (charbon, pétrole, gaz naturel, nucléaire, hydraulique, énergies renouvelables) et la consommation en énergie primaire, une année donnée, selon l'Insee. L’électricité nucléaire est considérée comme « primaire » par convention, contrairement à l’électricité produite dans des centrales thermiques.
Offshore wind powerOffshore wind power or offshore wind energy is the generation of electricity through wind farms in bodies of water, usually at sea. There are higher wind speeds offshore than on land, so offshore farms generate more electricity per amount of capacity installed. Offshore wind farms are also less controversial than those on land, as they have less impact on people and the landscape. Unlike the typical use of the term "offshore" in the marine industry, offshore wind power includes inshore water areas such as lakes, fjords and sheltered coastal areas as well as deeper-water areas.
Cellule photovoltaïqueUne cellule photovoltaïque, ou cellule solaire, est un composant électronique qui, exposé à la lumière, produit de l’électricité grâce à l’effet photovoltaïque. La puissance électrique obtenue est proportionnelle à la puissance lumineuse incidente et elle dépend du rendement de la cellule. Celle-ci délivre une tension continue et un courant la traverse dès qu'elle est connectée à une charge électrique (en général un onduleur, parfois une simple batterie électrique).
CoûtUn coût est la mesure d'une consommation exprimée en valeur monétaire. On peut dire également que c'est la mesure de l'appauvrissement d'un agent économique, associé à un événement ou une action de nature économique. Les comptables définissent plus précisément le coût comme une somme de charges (la charge mesure une consommation), c'est-à-dire un calcul. Il est alors possible de calculer toutes sortes de coûts (coût de revient, coût de production, coût marginal, etc.).
Third-generation photovoltaic cellThird-generation photovoltaic cells are solar cells that are potentially able to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit of 31–41% power efficiency for single bandgap solar cells. This includes a range of alternatives to cells made of semiconducting p-n junctions ("first generation") and thin film cells ("second generation"). Common third-generation systems include multi-layer ("tandem") cells made of amorphous silicon or gallium arsenide, while more theoretical developments include frequency conversion, (i.e.
Geothermal powerGeothermal power is electrical power generated from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries. As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 15.4 gigawatts (GW), of which 23.9 percent or 3.68 GW are installed in the United States.
Energy systemAn energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users. The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of energy. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report defines an energy system as "all components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy". The first two definitions allow for demand-side measures, including daylighting, retrofitted building insulation, and passive solar building design, as well as socio-economic factors, such as aspects of energy demand management and remote work, while the third does not.
Luminescent solar concentratorA luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a device for concentrating radiation, solar radiation in particular, to produce electricity. Luminescent solar concentrators operate on the principle of collecting radiation over a large area, converting it by luminescence (specifically by fluorescence) and directing the generated radiation into a relatively small output target. Initial designs typically comprised parallel thin, flat layers of alternating luminescent and transparent materials, placed to gather incoming radiation on their (broader) faces and emit concentrated radiation around their (narrower) edges.
Combustible fossileUn combustible fossile est un combustible riche en carbone, par exemple un hydrocarbure, issu de la transformation lente de matière organique enfouie dans le sol depuis plusieurs millions d'années, jusqu'à parfois d'années. Il s'agit du pétrole, du charbon, du lignite et du gaz naturel. Parmi ces derniers, le méthane () présente le rapport H/C le plus élevé, alors que l'anthracite et certaines houilles sont composés de carbone presque pur. L'usage des combustibles fossiles est le principal responsable du réchauffement climatique.
Cost curveIn economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve. Profit-maximizing firms use cost curves to decide output quantities. There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves; marginal ("for each additional unit") cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves; and variable cost curves.
