Resampling (statistics)In statistics, resampling is the creation of new samples based on one observed sample. Resampling methods are: Permutation tests (also re-randomization tests) Bootstrapping Cross validation Permutation test Permutation tests rely on resampling the original data assuming the null hypothesis. Based on the resampled data it can be concluded how likely the original data is to occur under the null hypothesis.
Probabilité a posterioriDans le théorème de Bayes, la probabilité a posteriori désigne la probabilité recalculée ou remesurée qu'un évènement ait lieu en prenant en considération une nouvelle information. Autrement dit, la probabilité a posteriori est la probabilité qu'un évènement A ait lieu étant donné que l'évènement B a eu lieu. Elle s'oppose à la probabilité a priori dans l'inférence bayésienne. La loi a priori qu'un évènement ait lieu avec vraisemblance est .
Kernel smootherA kernel smoother is a statistical technique to estimate a real valued function as the weighted average of neighboring observed data. The weight is defined by the kernel, such that closer points are given higher weights. The estimated function is smooth, and the level of smoothness is set by a single parameter. Kernel smoothing is a type of weighted moving average. Let be a kernel defined by where: is the Euclidean norm is a parameter (kernel radius) D(t) is typically a positive real valued function, whose value is decreasing (or not increasing) for the increasing distance between the X and X0.
Intervalle de confiancevignette|Chaque ligne montre 20 échantillons tirés selon la loi normale de moyenne μ. On y montre l'intervalle de confiance de niveau 50% pour la moyenne correspondante aux 20 échantillons, marquée par un losange. Si l'intervalle contient μ, il est bleu ; sinon il est rouge. En mathématiques, plus précisément en théorie des probabilités et en statistiques, un intervalle de confiance encadre une valeur réelle que l’on cherche à estimer à l’aide de mesures prises par un procédé aléatoire.
Statistique bayésienneLa statistique bayésienne est une approche statistique fondée sur l'inférence bayésienne, où la probabilité exprime un degré de croyance en un événement. Le degré initial de croyance peut être basé sur des connaissances a priori, telles que les résultats d'expériences antérieures, ou sur des croyances personnelles concernant l'événement. La perspective bayésienne diffère d'un certain nombre d'autres interprétations de la probabilité, comme l'interprétation fréquentiste qui considère la probabilité comme la limite de la fréquence relative d'un événement après de nombreux essais.
Posterior predictive distributionIn Bayesian statistics, the posterior predictive distribution is the distribution of possible unobserved values conditional on the observed values. Given a set of N i.i.d. observations , a new value will be drawn from a distribution that depends on a parameter , where is the parameter space. It may seem tempting to plug in a single best estimate for , but this ignores uncertainty about , and because a source of uncertainty is ignored, the predictive distribution will be too narrow.
Fiducial inferenceFiducial inference is one of a number of different types of statistical inference. These are rules, intended for general application, by which conclusions can be drawn from samples of data. In modern statistical practice, attempts to work with fiducial inference have fallen out of fashion in favour of frequentist inference, Bayesian inference and decision theory. However, fiducial inference is important in the history of statistics since its development led to the parallel development of concepts and tools in theoretical statistics that are widely used.
Bayes estimatorIn estimation theory and decision theory, a Bayes estimator or a Bayes action is an estimator or decision rule that minimizes the posterior expected value of a loss function (i.e., the posterior expected loss). Equivalently, it maximizes the posterior expectation of a utility function. An alternative way of formulating an estimator within Bayesian statistics is maximum a posteriori estimation. Suppose an unknown parameter is known to have a prior distribution .
Statistique mathématiquevignette|Une régression linéaire. Les statistiques, dans le sens populaire du terme, traitent à l'aide des mathématiques l'étude de groupe d'une population. En statistique descriptive, on se contente de décrire un échantillon à partir de grandeurs comme la moyenne, la médiane, l'écart type, la proportion, la corrélation, etc. C'est souvent la technique qui est utilisée dans les recensements. Dans un sens plus large, la théorie statistique est utilisée en recherche dans un but inférentiel.
Consistent estimatorIn statistics, a consistent estimator or asymptotically consistent estimator is an estimator—a rule for computing estimates of a parameter θ0—having the property that as the number of data points used increases indefinitely, the resulting sequence of estimates converges in probability to θ0. This means that the distributions of the estimates become more and more concentrated near the true value of the parameter being estimated, so that the probability of the estimator being arbitrarily close to θ0 converges to one.
Binomial proportion confidence intervalIn statistics, a binomial proportion confidence interval is a confidence interval for the probability of success calculated from the outcome of a series of success–failure experiments (Bernoulli trials). In other words, a binomial proportion confidence interval is an interval estimate of a success probability p when only the number of experiments n and the number of successes nS are known. There are several formulas for a binomial confidence interval, but all of them rely on the assumption of a binomial distribution.
Invariant estimatorIn statistics, the concept of being an invariant estimator is a criterion that can be used to compare the properties of different estimators for the same quantity. It is a way of formalising the idea that an estimator should have certain intuitively appealing qualities. Strictly speaking, "invariant" would mean that the estimates themselves are unchanged when both the measurements and the parameters are transformed in a compatible way, but the meaning has been extended to allow the estimates to change in appropriate ways with such transformations.
