InnovationLinnovation est la recherche constante d'améliorations de l'existant, par contraste avec linvention, qui vise à créer du nouveau. Dans le domaine économique, l'innovation se traduit par la conception d'un nouveau produit, service, processus de fabrication ou d'organisation pouvant être directement mis en œuvre dans l'appareil productif et répondant aux besoins du consommateur. Elle se distingue ainsi de l'invention ou de la découverte par le fait qu'elle peut être immédiatement mise en œuvre par les entreprises, dans le but d'obtenir un avantage compétitif.
Prior artPrior art (also known as state of the art or background art) is a concept in patent law used to determine the patentability of an invention, in particular whether an invention meets the novelty and the inventive step or non-obviousness criteria for patentability. In most systems of patent law, prior art is generally defined as anything that is made available, or disclosed, to the public that might be relevant to a patent's claim before the effective filing date of a patent application for an invention.
Liberté de religionvignette|redresse=1.2|La Liberté de religion, par Eugène Simonis, colonne du Congrès, Bruxelles. La liberté de culte, liberté de religion ou liberté de croyance est le droit subjectif fondamental des personnes de choisir et de pratiquer une religion donnée ou aucune. Par extension, elle fait référence aux textes de droit, déclarations, pactes, conventions, lois, textes constitutionnels divers qui permettent d'affirmer, défendre, étendre ou limiter ce droit.
Intellectual property organizationIntellectual property organizations are organizations that are focused on copyrights, trademarks, patents, or other intellectual property law concepts. This includes international intergovernmental organizations that foster governmental cooperation in the area of copyrights, trademarks and patents (such as organizations based on or founded by treaty), as well as non-governmental, non-profit organizations, lobbying organizations, think tanks, notable committees, and professional associations.
Patent prosecutionPatent prosecution describes the interaction between applicants and their representatives, and a patent office with regard to a patent, or an application for a patent. Broadly, patent prosecution can be split into pre-grant prosecution, which involves arguing before, and sometimes negotiation with, a patent office for the grant of a patent, and post-grant prosecution, which involves issues such as post-grant amendment and opposition. Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation, which describes legal action relating to the infringement of patents.
Liberté de la pressevignette|La liberté de la presse, caricature de Johann Michael Voltz, 1819. La liberté de la presse est l'un des principes fondamentaux des systèmes démocratiques qui repose sur la liberté d'opinion et la liberté d'expression. Fin 2022, 533 journalistes sont emprisonnés dans le monde, ils étaient 488 à la même date en 2021. Les cinq pays détenant en prison le plus de journalistes en 2022 sont la Chine (110), la Birmanie (62), l'Iran (47), le Vietnam (39) et la Biélorussie (31).
PatentabilityWithin the context of a national or multilateral body of law, an invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted a patent. By extension, patentability also refers to the substantive conditions that must be met for a patent to be held valid. The patent laws usually require that, for an invention to be patentable, it must be: Patentable subject matter, i.e., a kind of subject-matter eligible for patent protection Novel (i.e.
Hearing conservation programHearing conservation programs are designed to prevent hearing loss due to noise. Hearing conservation programs require knowledge about risk factors such as noise and ototoxicity, hearing, hearing loss, protective measures to prevent hearing loss at home, in school, at work, in the military and, and at social/recreational events, and legislative requirements.
Occupational licensingOccupational licensing, also called licensure, is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for compensation. It is related to occupational closure. There is strongest public support for the licensing of professions whose activities could be a health or safety threat to the public, such as practicing medicine, and doctors require occupational licenses in most developed countries. However, some jurisdictions also require licenses for a much wider range of professions, such as florists and hairdressers.
Liberté d'expressionvignette|redresse=1.3|La Liberté de parole, par Norman Rockwell (1942-1943), musée Norman Rockwell; Stockbridge (Massachusetts). La liberté d'expression est le droit reconnu à l'individu de faire connaître le produit de sa propre activité intellectuelle à son entourage. Elle procède de la faculté de communiquer entre humains. Celle-ci a longtemps été considérée comme un simple phénomène naturel conditionnant la vie sociale, avant d'être solennellement érigée en liberté individuelle, aujourd'hui juridiquement garantie mais en réalité encadrée.
Prothèse auditive à ancrage osseuxUne prothèse auditive à ancrage osseux est un type d'audioprothèse dont le principe repose sur la conduction osseuse du son. Pour la désigner, on utilise aussi le terme BAHA, qui est précisément l'acronyme anglais de « Prothèse auditive à ancrage osseux » (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid). La conduction osseuse permet de contourner les problèmes auditifs dus à la transmission du son dans l'oreille moyenne. Fichier:BAHA sound processing device in place.jpg|Unité de traitement du son en place. Fichier:Implant size.
Unilateral hearing lossUnilateral hearing loss (UHL) is a type of hearing impairment where there is normal hearing in one ear and impaired hearing in the other ear. Patients with unilateral hearing loss have difficulty: Hearing conversation on their impaired side Localizing sound Understanding speech in the presence of background noise In interpersonal interaction in social settings Focusing on individual sound sources in large, open environments Heavy impairment of the auditory Figure–ground perception In quiet conditions, speech discrimination is no worse than normal hearing in those with partial deafness; however, in noisy environments speech discrimination is almost always severe.
