Socialist calculation debateThe socialist calculation debate, sometimes known as the economic calculation debate, was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money, financial prices for capital goods and private ownership of the means of production. More specifically, the debate was centered on the application of economic planning for the allocation of the means of production as a substitute for capital markets and whether or not such an arrangement would be superior to capitalism in terms of efficiency and productivity.
Calculation in kindNOTOC Calculation in kind or calculation in-natura is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy, it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. In an in-kind economy products are produced for their use values (their utility) and accounted in physical terms. By contrast, in money-based economies, commodities are produced for their exchange value and accounted in monetary terms.
ШSha or Shu (Ш ш; italics: Ш ш) is a letter of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts. It commonly represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/. More precisely, the sound in Russian denoted by ш is commonly transcribed as a palatoalveolar fricative but is actually a voiceless retroflex fricative. It is used in every variation of the Cyrillic alphabet for Slavic and non-Slavic languages. In English, Sha is romanized as sh or as š, the latter being the equivalent letter in the Latin alphabets of Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Latvian and Lithuanian.
Economic calculation problemThe economic calculation problem (sometimes abbreviated ECP) is a criticism of using economic planning as a substitute for market-based allocation of the factors of production. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in his 1920 article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and later expanded upon by Friedrich Hayek. In his first article, Mises described the nature of the price system under capitalism and described how individual subjective values (while criticizing other theories of value) are translated into the objective information necessary for rational allocation of resources in society.
RusynLa langue rusyn (русиньскый язык) ou rusniaque (un terme archaïque), aussi appelé (en termes exonymiques) carpato-ruthène ou ruthène moderne, est la langue des Rusyns, un peuple slave oriental. Dans la classification linguistique, l'idiome rusyn est désigné comme une langue slave orientale distincte, ou l'une des microlangues spécifiques.
Alphabet ukrainienLalphabet ukrainien (en Українська азбука, Oukraïns’ka azbouka ou абетка, abetka) est l'alphabet utilisé pour écrire la langue ukrainienne. C’est une variante de l’alphabet cyrillique créé à la fin du premier millénaire. L’alphabet ukrainien, qui est bicaméral, comprend les lettres suivantes : L’ukrainien est parfois transcrit avec l’alphabet latin – c’est ce qui s’appelle la romanisation – pour en faciliter la lecture aux personnes ne sachant pas lire l’alphabet cyrillique.
Notation de Leibnizvignette|Portrait de Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz En analyse, la notation de Leibniz, nommée en l'honneur de Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, consiste en l'usage des notations « d droit » (d) suivies d'une quantité x pour représenter une variation infinitésimale de x, de même que « delta » (Δ) sert à représenter une variation finie. Par extension, c'est une notation couramment utilisée pour écrire les dérivées. En physique, cette notation est interprétée comme une modification infinitésimale (de position, de vitesse.
Spectre d'un opérateur linéaireEn mathématiques, plus précisément en analyse fonctionnelle, le spectre d'un opérateur linéaire sur un espace vectoriel topologique est l'ensemble de ses valeurs spectrales. En dimension finie, cet ensemble se réduit à l'ensemble des valeurs propres de cet endomorphisme, ou de sa matrice dans une base. En et en mécanique quantique, la notion de spectre s'étend aux opérateurs non bornés fermés. Soit une algèbre de Banach unifère sur le corps des nombres complexes.
Notation for differentiationIn differential calculus, there is no single uniform notation for differentiation. Instead, various notations for the derivative of a function or variable have been proposed by various mathematicians. The usefulness of each notation varies with the context, and it is sometimes advantageous to use more than one notation in a given context. The most common notations for differentiation (and its opposite operation, the antidifferentiation or indefinite integration) are listed below.
ZielA goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan and commit to achieve. People endeavour to reach goals within a finite time by setting deadlines. A goal is roughly similar to a purpose or aim, the anticipated result which guides reaction, or an end, which is an object, either a physical object or an abstract object, that has intrinsic value. Goal setting Goal-setting theory was formulated based on empirical research and has been called one of the most important theories in organizational psychology.
Notation (mathématiques)On utilise en mathématiques un ensemble de notations pour condenser et formaliser les énoncés et les démonstrations. Ces notations se sont dégagées peu à peu au fil de l'histoire des mathématiques et de l’émergence des concepts associés à ces notations. Elles ne sont pas totalement standardisées. Quand deux traductions d'une notation sont données, l'une est la traduction mot à mot et l'autre est la traduction naturelle. Le présent article traite des notations mathématiques latines.
Goal settingGoal setting involves the development of an action plan designed in order to motivate and guide a person or group toward a goal. Goals are more deliberate than desires and momentary intentions. Therefore, setting goals means that a person has committed thought, emotion, and behavior towards attaining the goal. In doing so, the goal setter has established a desired future state which differs from their current state thus creating a mismatch which in turn spurs future actions.
