Bibliothèque standardvignette|Binario cropped Une bibliothèque standard pour un langage de programmation est une bibliothèque logicielle qui est utilisée dans toute implémentation de ce langage. Une bibliothèque standard peut inclure : Fonctions Macros Variables globales Classes Gabarits (templates) La plupart des bibliothèques standard incluent : des algorithmes (par exemple pour le tri) ; des structures de données (telles que les listes, les arbres et les tables de hachage) ; des routines d'entrées-sorties et d'appel système.
Python syntax and semanticsThe syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some definite differences between the languages. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, and boasts a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.
Peephole optimizationPeephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions; the small set is known as the peephole or window. Peephole optimization involves changing the small set of instructions to an equivalent set that has better performance.
Optimizing compilerIn computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program. Common requirements are to minimize a program's execution time, memory footprint, storage size, and power consumption (the last three being popular for portable computers). Compiler optimization is generally implemented using a sequence of optimizing transformations, algorithms which take a program and transform it to produce a semantically equivalent output program that uses fewer resources or executes faster.
Medium spiny neuronMedium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direct pathway and D2-type MSNs of the indirect pathway. Most striatal MSNs contain only D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors, but a subpopulation of MSNs exhibit both phenotypes.
RedditReddit est un site web communautaire américain de discussion et d’actualités sociales. Ainsi, les liens les plus appréciés du moment se trouvent affichés en page d’accueil. Fondé en 2005, Reddit contient alors surtout du contenu sur la programmation et la science. Il ne cesse depuis de se diversifier et de s’ouvrir à du contenu plus grand public. Ayant connu une forte croissance en 2010, en partie due à une baisse de popularité de son concurrent Digg, en 2020 il se place comme le web le plus populaire au monde et le aux États-Unis selon Alexa Internet.
Crossover (genetic algorithm)In genetic algorithms and evolutionary computation, crossover, also called recombination, is a genetic operator used to combine the genetic information of two parents to generate new offspring. It is one way to stochastically generate new solutions from an existing population, and is analogous to the crossover that happens during sexual reproduction in biology. Solutions can also be generated by cloning an existing solution, which is analogous to asexual reproduction. Newly generated solutions may be mutated before being added to the population.
ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
ProgénitureIn biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all the offspring, as with the honeybee.
Mutation (genetic algorithm)Mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity of the chromosomes of a population of a genetic or, more generally, an evolutionary algorithm (EA). It is analogous to biological mutation. The classic example of a mutation operator of a binary coded genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state. A common method of implementing the mutation operator involves generating a random variable for each bit in a sequence.
Génération (sciences sociales)vignette|redresse|Rupture entre les générations (Oran, Algérie, 2015). La génération est un concept en sciences sociales utilisé en démographie pour désigner une sous-population dont les membres, ayant à peu près le même âge ou ayant vécu à la même époque historique, partagent un certain nombre de pratiques et de représentations du fait de ce même âge ou de cette même appartenance à une époque.
Génération Zvignette|Jeunes manifestants en faveur d'une loi sur le climat, Paris, 9 mai 2021 La génération Z est la génération des personnes nées entre et (bien que les délimitations varient selon les définitions). Elle succède à la génération Y et précède la génération Alpha. Elle est définie comme une génération née alors que les communications numériques étaient déjà bien installées dans la société.
