Méthode de SchulzeLa méthode de Schulze est un système de vote développé en 1997 par Markus Schulze qui choisit un gagnant simple dans un vote avec classement des candidats. La méthode peut également être employée pour créer une liste ordonnée de gagnants. Si un candidat gagne tous ses duels lors des confrontations par paires avec les autres candidats (gagnant de Condorcet), la méthode de Schulze garantit que ce candidat gagnera. En raison de cette propriété, la méthode de Schulze est (par définition) une méthode de Condorcet.
Majority ruleMajority rule is the principle that the group that has the most supporters gets its way. A majority is more than half of the voters involved, and rule by such a majority is thought to be to the benefit of more than rule by less than half (a mere minority) would be. Majority rule is the binary decision rule most often used in decision-making bodies, including many legislatures of democratic nations. Where no one party wins a majority of the seats in a legislature, the majority of legislators that wields power is partly composed of members of other parties in support.
Mixed-member majoritarian representationMixed member majoritarian representation (MMM) is type of a mixed electoral system combining majoritarian and proportional methods, where the disproportional results of the majoritarian side of the system prevail over the proportional component. Mixed member majoritarian systems are therefore also as a type of semi-proportional representation, and are usually contrasted with mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) which aims to provide proportional representation via additional compensation ("top-up") seats.
Scrutin directLe scrutin direct est une opération de vote dont le système d'élection permet aux électeurs de choisir directement la ou les personnes, qu'ils souhaitent voir élues. Le suffrage direct peut être uninominal (un seul individu est élu) ou plurinominal (plusieurs individus sont élus). Il peut être proportionnel (le nombre d'élus est lié au nombre de votes obtenus), comme pour les élections du Parlement européen, ou majoritaire (un ou plusieurs candidats emportent l'élection s'il emporte le plus de voix) comme pour le deuxième tour des élections présidentielles françaises où la majorité absolue est requise pour le futur président.
Highest averages methodA highest-averages method, also called a divisor method, is a class of methods for allocating seats in a parliament among agents such as political parties or federal states. A divisor method is an iterative method: at each iteration, the number of votes of each party is divided by its divisor, which is a function of the number of seats (initially 0) currently allocated to that party. The next seat is allocated to the party whose resulting ratio is largest.
Political representationPolitical representation is the activity of making citizens "present" in public policy-making processes when political actors act in the best interest of citizens. This definition of political representation is consistent with a wide variety of views on what representing implies and what the duties of representatives are. For example, representing may imply acting on the expressed wishes of citizens, but it may alternatively imply acting according to what the representatives themselves judge is in the best interests of citizens.
Semi-proportional representationSemi-proportional representation characterizes multi-winner electoral systems which allow representation of minorities, but are not intended to reflect the strength of the competing political forces in close proportion to the votes they receive. Semi-proportional voting systems can be regarded as compromises between forms of proportional representation such as party-list PR, and plurality/majoritarian systems such as first-past-the-post voting. Examples of semi-proportional systems include the single non-transferable vote, limited voting, and parallel voting.
Voter registrationIn electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote. The rules governing registration vary between jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions, registration is an automatic process performed by extracting the names of voting age residents of a precinct from a general-use population registry ahead of election day, while in others, registration may require an application being made by an eligible voter and registered persons to re-register or update registration details when they change residence or other relevant information changes.
ÉlectionL'élection est la désignation, par le vote d'électeurs, de représentants (une personne, un groupe, un parti politique) destinés à les représenter ou occuper une fonction en leur nom. La population concernée transfère par le vote de sa majorité à des représentants ou mandants choisis, la légitimité requise pour exercer le pouvoir attribué (fonction censée être par ailleurs définie et orientée par le biais d'un programme politique). Le terme « Élection » provient du verbe latin « eligere » (choisir) et du substantif « electio » (choix).
Exhaustive ballotThe exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate is supported by an overall majority of votes then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and a further round of voting occurs. This process is repeated for as many rounds as necessary until one candidate has a majority. The exhaustive ballot is similar to the two-round system but with key differences.
Méthode de CondorcetLa méthode Condorcet (aussi appelée scrutin de Condorcet ou vote Condorcet) est un système de vote obéissant au principe de Condorcet qui s'énonce ainsi : Le vainqueur, s'il existe, est donc le candidat qui, comparé tour à tour à chacun des autres candidats, s’avère à chaque fois être le candidat préféré. Autrement dit, il bat tous les autres en duel. Un tel candidat est appelé vainqueur de Condorcet. Rien ne garantit la présence d'un candidat satisfaisant à ce critère de victoire : c'est le paradoxe de Condorcet.
Consistency criterionA voting system is consistent if, whenever the electorate is divided (arbitrarily) into several parts and elections in those parts garner the same result, then an election of the entire electorate also garners that result. Smith calls this property separability and Woodall calls it convexity. It has been proven a ranked voting system is "consistent if and only if it is a scoring function", i.e. a positional voting system. Borda count is an example of this. The failure of the consistency criterion can be seen as an example of Simpson's paradox.
