Variable catégorielleEn statistique, une variable qualitative, une variable catégorielle, ou bien un facteur est une variable qui prend pour valeur des modalités, des catégories ou bien des niveaux, par opposition aux variables quantitatives qui mesurent sur chaque individu une quantité. Les modalités (ou les valeurs) qu’elle prend peuvent être désignés en toutes lettre par des noms , comme par exemple: les modalités du sexe sont : Masculin et Féminin les modalités de la couleurs des yeux sont : Bleu, Marron, Noir et Vert ; les modalités de la variable mention au Bac sont : TB, B, AB et P.
Bayesian linear regressionBayesian linear regression is a type of conditional modeling in which the mean of one variable is described by a linear combination of other variables, with the goal of obtaining the posterior probability of the regression coefficients (as well as other parameters describing the distribution of the regressand) and ultimately allowing the out-of-sample prediction of the regressand (often labelled ) conditional on observed values of the regressors (usually ).
Multinomial logistic regressionIn statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes. That is, it is a model that is used to predict the probabilities of the different possible outcomes of a categorically distributed dependent variable, given a set of independent variables (which may be real-valued, binary-valued, categorical-valued, etc.).
Segmented regressionSegmented regression, also known as piecewise regression or broken-stick regression, is a method in regression analysis in which the independent variable is partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment is fit to each interval. Segmented regression analysis can also be performed on multivariate data by partitioning the various independent variables. Segmented regression is useful when the independent variables, clustered into different groups, exhibit different relationships between the variables in these regions.
Régression (statistiques)En mathématiques, la régression recouvre plusieurs méthodes d’analyse statistique permettant d’approcher une variable à partir d’autres qui lui sont corrélées. Par extension, le terme est aussi utilisé pour certaines méthodes d’ajustement de courbe. En apprentissage automatique, on distingue les problèmes de régression des problèmes de classification. Ainsi, on considère que les problèmes de prédiction d'une variable quantitative sont des problèmes de régression tandis que les problèmes de prédiction d'une variable qualitative sont des problèmes de classification.
Simple linear regressionIn statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable. The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.
Bayesian multivariate linear regressionIn statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable. A more general treatment of this approach can be found in the article MMSE estimator. Consider a regression problem where the dependent variable to be predicted is not a single real-valued scalar but an m-length vector of correlated real numbers.
Linear least squaresLinear least squares (LLS) is the least squares approximation of linear functions to data. It is a set of formulations for solving statistical problems involved in linear regression, including variants for ordinary (unweighted), weighted, and generalized (correlated) residuals. Numerical methods for linear least squares include inverting the matrix of the normal equations and orthogonal decomposition methods. The three main linear least squares formulations are: Ordinary least squares (OLS) is the most common estimator.
Data PreprocessingData preprocessing can refer to manipulation or dropping of data before it is used in order to ensure or enhance performance, and is an important step in the data mining process. The phrase "garbage in, garbage out" is particularly applicable to data mining and machine learning projects. Data collection methods are often loosely controlled, resulting in out-of-range values, impossible data combinations, and missing values, amongst other issues. Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results.
Analyse des donnéesL’analyse des données (aussi appelée analyse exploratoire des données ou AED) est une famille de méthodes statistiques dont les principales caractéristiques sont d'être multidimensionnelles et descriptives. Dans l'acception française, la terminologie « analyse des données » désigne donc un sous-ensemble de ce qui est appelé plus généralement la statistique multivariée. Certaines méthodes, pour la plupart géométriques, aident à faire ressortir les relations pouvant exister entre les différentes données et à en tirer une information statistique qui permet de décrire de façon plus succincte les principales informations contenues dans ces données.
Predictive modellingPredictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes. Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place. In many cases, the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an email determining how likely that it is spam.
Analyse prédictiveL'analyse (ou logique) prédictive englobe une variété de techniques issues des statistiques, d'extraction de connaissances à partir de données et de la théorie des jeux qui analysent des faits présents et passés pour faire des hypothèses prédictives sur des événements futurs. Dans le monde des affaires, des modèles prédictifs exploitent des schémas découverts à l'intérieur des ensembles de données historiques et transactionnelles pour identifier les risques et les opportunités.
Exploration de donnéesL’exploration de données, connue aussi sous l'expression de fouille de données, forage de données, prospection de données, data mining, ou encore extraction de connaissances à partir de données, a pour objet l’extraction d'un savoir ou d'une connaissance à partir de grandes quantités de données, par des méthodes automatiques ou semi-automatiques.
Ordered logitIn statistics, the ordered logit model (also ordered logistic regression or proportional odds model) is an ordinal regression model—that is, a regression model for ordinal dependent variables—first considered by Peter McCullagh. For example, if one question on a survey is to be answered by a choice among "poor", "fair", "good", "very good" and "excellent", and the purpose of the analysis is to see how well that response can be predicted by the responses to other questions, some of which may be quantitative, then ordered logistic regression may be used.
Loi logistiqueEn probabilité et en statistiques, la loi logistique est une loi de probabilité absolument continue à support infini utilisé en régression logistique et pour les réseaux de neurones à propagation avant. Son nom de loi logistique est issu du fait que sa fonction de répartition est une fonction logistique. La loi logistique a deux paramètres μ et s > 0 et sa densité est Sa fonction de répartition est Son espérance et sa variance sont données par les formules suivantes : La loi logistique standard est la loi logistique de paramètres 0 et 1.
Exploratory data analysisIn statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach of analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often using statistical graphics and other data visualization methods. A statistical model can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling and thereby contrasts traditional hypothesis testing. Exploratory data analysis has been promoted by John Tukey since 1970 to encourage statisticians to explore the data, and possibly formulate hypotheses that could lead to new data collection and experiments.
Dummy variable (statistics)In regression analysis, a dummy variable (also known as indicator variable or just dummy) is one that takes the values 0 or 1 to indicate the absence or presence of some categorical effect that may be expected to shift the outcome. For example, if we were studying the relationship between biological sex and income, we could use a dummy variable to represent the sex of each individual in the study. The variable could take on a value of 1 for males and 0 for females (or vice versa).
Intraclass correlationIn statistics, the intraclass correlation, or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), is a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type of correlation, unlike most other correlation measures, it operates on data structured as groups rather than data structured as paired observations.
Corrélation croiséeLa corrélation croisée est parfois utilisée en statistique pour désigner la covariance des vecteurs aléatoires X et Y, afin de distinguer ce concept de la « covariance » d'un vecteur aléatoire, laquelle est comprise comme étant la matrice de covariance des coordonnées du vecteur. En traitement du signal, la corrélation croisée (aussi appelée covariance croisée) est la mesure de la similitude entre deux signaux.
Correlation coefficientA correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables. The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations, often called a sample, or two components of a multivariate random variable with a known distribution. Several types of correlation coefficient exist, each with their own definition and own range of usability and characteristics. They all assume values in the range from −1 to +1, where ±1 indicates the strongest possible agreement and 0 the strongest possible disagreement.
